Steven Cumper
Steven John Cumper, B.App.Sc. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong background in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine. He founded Medshop while studying at RMIT University in Australia, expanding its reach to markets in Papua New Guinea, Singapore, and Malaysia. In September 2021, the Bunzl Group acquired a majority stake in Medshop, but Cumper remains involved as the Managing Director (Medshop Group). His journey from Zimbabwe to the UK and Australia reflects his dedication to academia and entrepreneurship, combining diverse knowledge and experience.
Latest Articles
April 29, 2024
Steven Cumper
Best Omron Blood Pressure Monitors in 2025
Omron blood pressure monitors are some of the most respected pieces of kit within the healthcare industry, check our our guide to the Medshop range.
May 30, 2022
Steven Cumper
How to Choose the Right Mask Level - ASTM 1,2,3 vs P2/N95
Face masks and respirators, when used correctly, can offer a good level of protection against viruses, bacteria and other potentially harmful airborne particles. Helping to keep you safe and prevent you from spreading diseases to those you meet, good quality facemasks are an essential element of personal protective equipment. During the pandemic, masks have played an important role in protecting both healthcare professionals and members of the public. However, with so many different types of masks on the market, it can be difficult to know which option is right for you. To help you find the right mask for your needs, we’re taking a look at the various masks available, their ratings and what these numbers really mean for you. What is the Difference Between a Disposable Mask, a Surgical Mask and a Respirator? There are three main types of face coverings currently on the market: Face masks (can include single use masks and cloth masks) Surgical masks Respirators Of these three, face masks have the lowest requirements on filtration efficiency. In fact, many aren’t regulated at all and may not offer a significant amount of protection, especially against airborne particles. Surgical masks are loose-fitting, disposable devices that create a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and contaminants in the immediate area. Surgical masks can also be labelled as isolation, dental, or medical procedure masks. Surgical masks should have a high level of fluid resistance and are designed to protect against splashes of blood, sprays of saliva, sneezing and other events that can cause you to come into direct contact with contaminants. These masks aren’t designed to stop aerosols and won’t prevent you from breathing in small virus particles. Respirators have even higher requirements than medical masks. They’re designed to form a seal around the nose and mouth to prevent airborne droplets and particles reaching your airway. Respirators often have exhalation valves to allow stale air to escape and offer a very high level of protection against all types of airborne contaminants. Respirators can be used as PPE in medical settings or to stop pollution, dust and other harmful substances from being inhaled. Common Safety Ratings for Face Masks and Respirators When looking for surgical masks, disposable masks and respirators, the most common ratings you’re likely to see are ASTM 1, 2 and 3, P2 and N95. ASTM stands for the American Society for Testing and Materials. The society is a developer of international voluntary consensus standards. Face coverings that bear an ASTM rating have been proven to offer a certain level of protection. Masks with an ASTM rating of 3 offer the best protection against coronavirus and other dangerous droplets, while those with a rating of ASTM level 1 offer the least protection. In most cases, ASTM ratings apply to surgical masks. Respirators are required to adhere to different regulations, these standards vary from country to country. In the US, respirators are approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Respirators that meet these standards will be labelled N95, N99 or N100. In Australia and New Zealand, masks that meet the standards set by the two countries are labelled P1, P2 and P3. P2 masks are equivalent with American standard N95 respirators. Masks manufactured in China have to meet Chinese safety standards. These respirators are labelled KN95, KN99 or KN100. While in Europe, you’ll see masks listed as FFP1, FFP2 or FFP3. Respirators are specifically designed to offer respiratory protection. As well as being suitable for use in health care settings, respirators are often used as PPE by people working in polluted areas or in places with potentially harmful airborne particles. What Do Face Mask Safety Ratings Really Mean? Understanding what exactly mask safety ratings mean will help you decide which option is right for you. A mask with an ASTM rating of 1 will keep out up to 95% of particles measuring 3.0 microns, and up to 95% of particles measuring 0.1 microns. Masks with an ASTM rating of 2 will filter out up to 98% of 3.0 and 0.1 micron particles. Masks with an ASTM rating of 3 are also required to keep out up to 98% of particles. NIOSH-approved respirators are usually labelled N95, N99 or N100. N95 respirators are required to filter up to 95% of 0.3 micron particles. N99 masks will keep out 99% of 0.3 micron particles, while N100 respirators offer the highest protection, with up to 100% particulate filtration. European respirators are required to meet slightly different standards. FFP1 masks need to keep up to 80% of 0.3 micron particles out, FFP2 masks have to stop up to 94% of 0.3 micron particles and FFP3 masks prevent up to 99% of 0.3 micron particles being inhaled by the wearer. P1, P2 and P3 respirators produced in Australia and New Zealand are more or less equivalent with European standards. Which Mask Offers the Best Protection Against Covid-19? In general, standard, single use face masks offer the least protection against Covid-19 (including the Delta variant). These types of disposable protective masks aren’t regulated and so don’t have to meet any set standards. If worn correctly, they will provide some protection against coronavirus, though it’s impossible to say how effective they’ll be. Surgical, or medical procedure masks, look and fit a bit like disposable masks. However, as they are used in health care settings they’re regulated and are required to meet set standards. NIOSH certified masks have headbands instead of ear loops. This creates a tighter seal and ensures the mask fits tightly around the nose and mouth. Masks with an ASTM Level 2 rating are generally sufficient for most people. However, if you work in a healthcare setting or are concerned about coming into direct contact with virus particles, the better protection offered by Level 3 masks might help to put your mind at ease. If you’re concerned about breathing in airborne coronavirus particles, a respirator could be a good option as they fit tightly around your nose and mouth. The materials used to make respirators are chosen to maximise breathability and airflow. This makes respirators a great choice if you need to wear your PPE for long periods of time. N95 masks will filter out up to 95% of 0.3 micron particles while FFP2 and P2 respirators protect against 94% of particles of the same size. This small difference in filtration efficiency won’t have a significant impact on the protection level of the mask. N95 and FFP2 respirators are readily available from online suppliers. If you want an even higher level of protection, you could opt for a N100 or FFP3 respirator. Although effective vaccines are now widely available, masks and respirators still play an important role in limiting virus transmission and keeping us all safe. To find out more, and explore our collection of high quality PPE, take a look around or get in touch today.
October 03, 2023
Steven Cumper
Littmann Stethoscope vs Spirit Stethoscope
Both Littmann and Spirit stethoscopes have their unique strengths, catering to different segments of the healthcare industry and different roles. In this article look at key features, which include performance, durability, accuracy, and pricing of each brand, so you can make an informed decision that works for you
March 27, 2024
Steven Cumper
Micropore Tape vs Transpore? Adhesive Medical Solutions
In the realm of medical care, the selection of adhesive tapes plays a crucial role in ensuring optimal patient comfort, wound care, and treatment efficacy. Micropore and Transpore tapes emerge as prominent contenders, each offering unique properties and applications in clinical settings. As healthcare professionals strive to make informed decisions regarding tape selection, understanding the distinctive characteristics and advantages of Micropore versus Transpore tape becomes imperative. In this article, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of these adhesive medical solutions. By delving into this comparative analysis, we aim to equip healthcare practitioners with the knowledge necessary to enhance patient care standards and navigate the complexities of adhesive medical solutions effectively. 3M Micropore Tape While there are many imposters, there is only one tape that can go by the name Micropore. It’s the one manufactured by the fine folks at 3M. Some people prefer to call it “paper tape,” but that’s like calling Kleenex facial tissue. It’s a misnomer. The actual paper part of Micropore is made from rayon, like the stuff in your stretchy yoga pants, but it feels more like paper than yoga pant fabric. There are many types of paper tape, none of which present the properties in Micropore. Like it’s parent-product, paper, as in the stuff you’d use to write a note, Micropore tape is porous. This porous quality allows it to “breathe” in the conventional sense of the word, but also allows for moisture to pass through. It’s like sticking the paper to your skin. As such, Micropore tape such as the 3M Micropore Surgical Tape is as flexible as paper, meaning not much. This limitation makes it hard to use on parts of the body that need to flex and extend much. We’ll get to alternatives for those situations in just a minute. Another aspect of Micropore tape separating it from traditional paper is that it’s adhesive. The sticky side of Micropore tape adheres to the skin without leaving residue and without causing pain when removed. The way it sticks then peels off with ease is a big part of the charm, a voodoo quality by most accounts. Not only will it stick to skin, but to plastic, glass, and other tapes. What is 3M Micropore tape used for? Most common uses for Micropore tape involve dressing wounds or holding a medical tubing in place. Because Micropore breathes as well as it adheres, it’s perfect for these cases. It adheres well to moist skin, and not too firmly to dry skin, but sticks long enough to both to make it versatile provided the stress on the tape isn’t too much. That’s where some of Micropore’s more-capable siblings take over. We’ll come back to a few of them in a second. In most cases where a wound or tube needs adhering, the benchmark is Micropore until it proves incapable of the task. One of the reasons this try-first approach to Micropore tape is the user-friendly nature of the product. It comes off about as easy as it goes on, unlike the aforementioned duct tape. That stuff sticks like old medical tape. Anyone who’s ever had gummy tape from an old first aid kit peeled off a healing wound can attest: the less pulling the better. 3M ranks their tapes on a scale of skin trauma. No surprise that Micropore lands in the top two of the more favourable end, meaning less chance of trauma. All that aside, the bigger influencer affecting heavy usage of Micropore comes down to expense. Micropore remains one of the most affordable 3M adhesive tapes. Why use something more costly when a cheaper solution does the job? Especially if it does the job better. Micropore tape for scars When used correctly, it can contribute to the flattening and softening of scars over time by providing consistent pressure and hydration to the affected area. Based on our professional knowledge it's crucial to begin with clean, dry skin before applying Micropore tape for scars. Smoothly apply the tape directly over the scar, ensuring no wrinkles or bubbles. Wear it consistently for several hours each day while monitoring skin sensitivity. Understand that visible results may take time, requiring patience. For enhanced effectiveness, consider combining Micropore tape with other scar treatments. If you try to use Micropore tape to close a serious wound — the definition of which is beyond this blog to define — you could risk serious harm beyond an impoverished recovery. Micropore tape vs Transpore In the 3M lineup, the closest substitute for Micropore is their Transpore tape. There are actually two versions of this tape, a wound-dressing version which acts more like Micropore, and a surgical version. The latter is more plastic to the touch. Similar to Micropore, the dressing version of Transpore uses rayon in the backing, but in this case, they’ve blended it with polyester, leveraging the best of both fibres to make a hybrid. This makes it slightly more costly but keeps the cost the same neighbourhood as Micropore tape. Transpore too works well on dry or wet skin, and is even easier to handle than Micropore, with bare hands or gloves as may be necessary. You tear it bidirectionally to better accommodate the needs of a given wound. The surgical version of Transpore is only polyethylene, clear, and best for securing heavy tubes in place. Where both Transpore tapes differ, especially the surgical version is with removal. They both stick so well if the wound is sensitive there could be more trauma when removing them. Micropore vs Durapore Stepping up the cost a little more, one finds 3M's Durapore. Compared to the paper quality of Micropore, and the plastic tape nature of Transpore, Durapore tape is silky. It’s not actually made from silk, though. It’s a strong, tafetta-backed tape, one that also tears bidirectionally. It would be overkill on most wounds as a dressing but works wonders for securing heavy tubes and even holding splints in place. Coming off the skin, however, Durapore will pull more than Micropore so using it would not be wise unless necessary, especially if it will be directly applied to skin that is dry. It’s also not so effective adhering to moist skin. For the added cost and adhesion, unless it’s necessary most will try to get away with Micropore before pulling out this tough tape. Once you go above this 3M option, the technical aspects of the option only add to the cost and specificity of use. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
September 14, 2023
Steven Cumper
The Best Blood Pressure Monitors for Home Use
Learn about the importance of monitoring blood pressure at home, the different types of blood pressure monitors, factors to consider when choosing one, and provide a list of top picks for the best blood pressure monitors for home use. Read on to learn more.
September 08, 2025
Steven Cumper
The History and Evolution of the Stethoscope
Chances are, when you think of a doctor’s everyday tools, you’ll probably think of the stethoscope. It’s evolved over the decades to become a cornerstone of modern medical diagnostics – but, did you know that it’s been modified across the years to keep up with changing healthcare advancements? If you’re like me, you’ve probably used stethoscopes many, many times over the years. But how much do you know about its history and evolution? In this guide, I’ll take you through why the stethoscope was invented, how it’s been adapted to healthcare changes, contemporary types and uses, and where the technology is headed next. Why the Stethoscope Was Invented: A Brief Background The stethoscope was first invented by Dr. René Laennec in 1816, who used a paper tube to listen to a patient’s heartbeat without having to put an ear to their chest. Interestingly, Laennec discovered this helped to amplify the sound of the patient’s heartbeat – leading him to develop a wooden tube based on this new technique. Believe it or not, the stethoscope was developed because a doctor felt awkward placing his ear to a woman’s chest! It was only after Dr. Laennec had used his tube prototype that he realised auscultation could be greatly improved upon. Major Innovations and Modernization of the Stethoscope From René Laennec’s humble tube to the development of the initial binaural stethoscope, through to modern acoustics and even digital versions, this humble tool’s come a long way over the years. The Birth of the Stethoscope: Laennec’s Wooden Tube (1816) As mentioned, René Laennec’s initial stethoscope was effectively a wooden tube, used with one ear, to prevent doctors and nurses from having to place their ears to bare chests to hear heartbeats. This monaural funnel pretty much revolutionized intermediary diagnostics in the medical community. Laennec’s discovery and invention, while rudimentary, opened doors for other doctors to develop and improve upon the stethoscope many years after he died. Binaural Stethoscopes: A Game-Changer (1850s–1900s) Decades after René Laennec passed away, Dr. Arthur Leared devised a more effective binaural stethoscope, which allowed users to listen to patients with both ears. The binaural stethoscope not only amplified heartbeats further, but also introduced earpieces, offering more comfortable, practical listening. Weirdly, the medical community wasn’t totally receptive to binaural listening at first. Concerns were raised, it’s noted, that the two-earpiece setup could produce less accurate results. However, before long, these new stethoscopes would be adopted widely across clinical settings around the world. The Modern Acoustic Stethoscope (20th Century) The modern acoustic stethoscope is the classic model most of us recognise and have used over the years. Innovations during the 20th century included the development of a two-bell listening system, a two-sided chest piece, lighter rubber tubing, and improved acoustics. Drs. Rappaport and Sprague were responsible for enhancing the stethoscope in the 1940s so that it could listen to two organs at once – say, the heart and the lungs. Similarly, Dr. S.S. Allison developed a stethophone – but it wasn’t until the 1960s that the technology would be perfected. Dr. David Littmann developed a multi-faceted stethoscope with dual bells, short rubber tubing, and closed and open pieces to help users measure sounds at different pitches. It’s this version of the stethoscope that’s made its way into basic medical training, with users able to adjust for pitch by applying or releasing pressure. In fact, you can still purchase Littmann stethoscopes to this day – via Medshop’s online store, for example! Electronic and Digital Stethoscopes (21st Century) Modern stethoscopes developed after 2000 go one step further, with digital models allowing for noise filtering, smart sound amplification, and even data transfer. AI innovations in modern stethoscope technology also pick up on potential diagnostic triggers, such as arrhythmia. Data recording, audio streaming, Bluetooth connectivity – all are possible with modern stethoscopes, and all help to make diagnoses more efficient and accurate. And, I speak from experience and with confidence – stethoscopes are continuing to evolve right when we need them to. For example, since the COVID-19 pandemic, digital stethoscopes that deliver remote diagnoses have become ever-more useful – particularly for telehealth users, who can simply provide doctors and nurses with heart and other readings without meeting in person. Types and Variations of the Stethoscope Typical types and variations of the stethoscope widely used today include acoustic, electronic, pediatric, cardiology, and veterinary models. Let’s take a quick look at some of the most trusted types of stethoscopes. Acoustic vs Electronic Models Acoustic stethoscopes are traditional models used to listen to body sounds, based on the refined 20th century model. Electronic and digital stethoscopes, meanwhile, have the power to record and analyze audio signals, helping to support more in-depth diagnosis. While electronic models are preferred by many for their enhanced accuracy, they come at a higher cost than acoustic models. What’s more – and I can confirm this – acoustic stethoscopes still produce fantastic results in quiet spaces. Pediatric, Cardiology, and Veterinary Versions These stethoscopes are all specifically designed to support infants and children, people with specific heart-related needs, and animals, respectively. Pediatric stethoscopes are typically smaller and are designed to be more comfortable for babies and children during consultations. Cardiology stethoscopes, meanwhile, are specifically designed to help amplify heartbeats. Veterinarian stethoscopes, meanwhile, are designed with specific diaphragms and bells for ease of access to listen to pets. They’re also designed to support animals’ sensitive needs. Contemporary Use and Functionality in Clinical Settings Stethoscopes are still widely used in modern clinics, covering physical examinations, diagnostics, training and physical practice, and in telehealth and remote scenarios. Clinical and Diagnostic Applications In most diagnostic clinics, stethoscopes are used to listen to patient hearts, intestines, blood flow, and lungs. This is auscultation, where doctors and nurses try to ascertain any noises or rhythms that may indicate deeper issues. Stethoscopes can be used to identify irregular heartbeats, digestive issues, and even internal bleeding – doctors can listen carefully to ascertain where heart valves may be leaking from. Role in Medical Training and Practice Stethoscopes are still widely used as part of medical education and physical practice before practitioners graduate. Using a stethoscope effectively demonstrates a high level of diagnostic skill. And, learning how to use a stethoscope properly is often regarded as a rite of passage for many medical students. Some people in the medical community have suggested that ultrasound scanning may remove the need for stethoscopes altogether. However, studies confirm that using the tools alongside modern ultrasound may be beneficial. Integration into Telehealth and Remote Monitoring Patients can now use digital stethoscopes at home to deliver real-time diagnostic insights to doctors and nurses. Telehealth, which grew in popularity during the pandemic, allows practitioners to remotely diagnose and monitor conditions from afar. Integrating modern stethoscope technology into telehealth ensures that clinics don’t have to conduct in-person diagnostics for the most accurate results. In fact, research suggests that telehealth can improve detection trends for heart conditions: “The results of this study suggest that telemedicine-directed auscultation of patients may be just as successful as inperson examination for the detection of cardiac arrhythmias.” Zenk, B.M., et al. Future Trends and Technological Advancements The future of stethoscope technology revolves around AI auscultation, machine learning, wireless technology and cloud-based data sharing. All of these trends are helping to transform stethoscopes into even smarter, more reliable diagnostic devices. Let’s break these trends down: AI and machine learning in modern stethoscope technology help users to detect certain problems automatically, and ascertain which noises are likely to point towards known conditions or anomalies. Wireless technology, as mentioned above, is helping to support distanced diagnostics, ensuring people who cannot attend physical clinics receive the care they require. Cloud-based stethoscopes allow data recorded and shared via stethoscopes to become accessible at multiple points of access – across different clinics and at home, and in real-time. Final Thoughts The stethoscope is still a vital tool that deserves a place in every nurse and doctor’s kit. From humble beginnings as a simple one-eared tube, modern stethoscopes are breaking incredible ground in more accurate, more efficient diagnostics. Ultimately, modern stethoscopes are saving lives. It’s all the more reason – like me – to ensure you have a reliable stethoscope on hand when you need to make a diagnosis. Be sure to explore our online store and to consult our guide to the best stethoscopes before your next shift! Sources Alisons Stethophone As Illustrated in His Original Article the Tubes Are Composed Of. (n.d.). researchgate.net. Retrieved August 11, 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Alisons-stethophone-as-illustrated-in-his-original-article-T he-tubes-are-composed-of_fig2_243716482 Best Stethoscopes: Littmann Stethoscopes, Prestige, Spirit and more. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 11, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/stethoscopes Cumper, S. (2023). How To Use A Stethoscope Effectively: Comprehensive Guide. In Medshop Australia. Medshop. https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/how-to-use-a-stethoscope-effectively-comprehensi ve-guide Cumper, S. (2024a). Ultimate Guide to Different Types of Stethoscopes. In Medshop Australia. Medshop. https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/ultimate-guide-to-different-types-of-stethoscopes Cumper, S. (2024b). Guide: The Best Stethoscope for the Job: Updated 2025. In MedshopAustralia. Medshop. https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/guide-the-best-stethoscope-for-the-job Fakoya, F. A., Plessis, M. du, & Gbenimacho, I. B. (2016). Ultrasound and stethoscope as tools in medical education and practice: considerations for the archives. In Advances in medical education and practice (Vol. 7, pp. 381–387). Advances in medical education and practice. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S99740 Littmann Stethoscopes Best Sellers. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 11, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/littmann-stethoscopes Zenk, B. M., Bratton, R. L., Flipse, T. R., & Page, E. E. (2004). Accuracy of detecting irregular cardiac rhythms via telemedicine. In Journal of telemedicine and telecare (Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 55–58). Journal of telemedicine and telecare. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763304322764211
September 02, 2025
Steven Cumper
Anatomy of a Stethoscope: Different Parts Of A Stethoscope and Their Functions
Chances are, you’ve either used or have been treated with a stethoscope before. This humble medical tool has been an essential part of doctors’ and nurses’ diagnostic kits for decades. In fact, it’s considered the cornerstone of modern healthcare fact-finding (and personally, I’ve never addressed a patient without one). However, as a medical professional, it’s vital to know exactly how stethoscopes work, and what each of their parts does. The better you understand your stethoscope, the stronger your diagnostic techniques will become. In this guide, I’ll take you through different stethoscopes, how they’re used, their main features, and how you can take better care of them long term. Types of Stethoscopes and Their Features The main types of stethoscopes available are analogue/acoustic, electronic/digital, pediatric, and cardiology. Each of these types are designed for unique cases and diagnostic purposes, for example, cardiology stethoscopes are designed for listening to heartbeats, and pediatric stethoscopes are built smaller than most to help diagnose children. Let’s explore these types in more detail. Acoustic Stethoscopes Acoustic or analogue Littmann stethoscopes are traditional tools used to listen to the body’s internal sounds. They’re designed to allow sound waves to travel from a chest piece, through a rubber tube, to your earpieces. Acoustic stethoscopes are relied upon for ‘raw’ listening and diagnostics. They are some of the most affordable and are still relied upon by millions of professionals for accurate diagnoses. To avoid confusion, there are some Littmann stethoscopes with digital and cardiology features, too! Electronic/Digital Stethoscopes Electronic and digital stethoscopes, unlike acoustic models, actively convert sound waves into digital signals, delivered to your ears. Digital stethoscopes offer less background noise and adjustable levels to support more accurate listening. However, these stethoscopes are not always widely used because they require constant recharging, and are more expensive than conventional tools. That said, they have quickly become a mainstay in modern diagnostic practice, and I can personally vouch for their usefulness. Pediatric & Infant Stethoscopes Pediatric and infant stethoscopes are simply designed to accommodate smaller bodies and to help make diagnosis of children more comfortable and straightforward. You are likely to find pediatric stethoscopes built to the acoustic standard. Cardiology Stethoscopes Although traditional stethoscopes are designed to support listening to patient heartbeats, cardiology stethoscopes are developed to be more sensitive and customisable with the heart in mind. Many cardiology stethoscopes, therefore, are digital and are designed by cardiologists and heart professionals to support more accurate readings. Main Components of a Stethoscope and Their Functions Typically, the main parts of stethoscopes are the earpieces, the binaurals (or ear tubes), the main tubing, the chestpiece, the diaphragm, the bell, and the stem. Let’s explore what each of these components does in practice. Earpieces Earpieces fit gently in your ear canals and deliver sound from the other end of the stethoscope. They’re typically made from rubber, rigid enough to block out noise but comfortable enough for users to wear while concentrating on patients. Binaurals (Ear Tubes) The stethoscope’s binaurals, or ear tubes, connect to the earpieces or tips. Think of them like the two wires that attach to a pair of headphones. They are two separate channels that deliver sound into your left and right ears, which you can squeeze and adjust for a better fit. Tubing The stethoscope’s hollow tubing actively delivers sound picked up by the chest piece. This is the main tube that connects to the binaurals, which then delivers sound to the earpieces. Chestpiece The chestpiece is the crucial element that you place on your patient’s body to listen to their heart, lungs, or other organs. Typically made from plastic and metal, you carefully place this on the part of the body you wish to listen to, e.g., the chest if you need to hear someone’s heartbeat. There are two main parts to a chestpiece: the diaphragm and the bell. Diaphragm The chestpiece’s diaphragm is circular, and it’s this side that you apply to the patient’s body. It’s typically used for higher-pitched sounds and is built with a chill ring to prevent skin from getting cold. Bell The chestpiece’s bell, meanwhile, is spherical. You use this part of the fitting for lower frequency noises, making it ideal for picking up less distinct sounds that the diaphragm might miss. Like the diaphragm, the bell is usually designed with a chill ring for patient comfort. Stem A stethoscope stem is a connecting piece, linking the tubing and chestpiece together. When you need to switch between the bell and the diaphragm, you’d turn it to swap sides. Usage of a Stethoscope in Medical Practice Stethoscopes are commonly used to measure cardiac and respiratory health, blood pressure, auscultation in gastrointestinal systems, and for various other specialist diagnostics. Cardiac and Respiratory Assessment Stethoscopes are most commonly used to assess heart sounds. For example, users can apply them to patients to listen for abnormalities and irregular rhythms that might suggest organ malfunction. They’re also used to listen to respiratory sounds, such as crackling or wheezing, which might indicate chronic lung problems. Blood Pressure Measurement and Vascular Auscultation Stethoscopes help assess blood pressure by listening to how blood flows through a patient’s body. Abnormal or unexpected sounds might also suggest vessel blockages or arterial or carotid bruits. Gastrointestinal System Auscultation The stethoscope can also be used to assess abdominal sounds, for example, to detect low-pitched noises or hyperactivity that would usually suggest abnormalities in the digestive system. Specialized Diagnostic Applications Stethoscopes can also be used to listen for and diagnose a variety of other issues and concerns, such as pneumonia and cystic fibrosis. They are also commonly used to listen for fetal heartbeats in pregnant women Maintenance and Care of a Stethoscope Looking after your stethoscope properly ensures that it remains hygienic to use from day to day and that it performs at its best. Regardless of the type of stethoscope you use, I recommend following basic cleaning protocols, regularly inspecting and replacing parts, storing your instruments correctly, and testing your stethoscope’s performance. Cleaning and Disinfection Protocols I (and many others) recommend cleaning your stethoscope after each patient you diagnose, and carefully disinfecting it at the end of each day. I use isopropyl alcohol (at least 70%), which is available in wipe form – avoid submerging your stethoscope in water. Ideally, you should disassemble your stethoscope completely, sterilise and disinfect it, and air dry – before checking for final debris left over. We go into more detail in our guide to the caring and maintenance of stethoscopes. Studies reveal that methods as diverse as using UVC-LED devices, alcohol-soaked wipes, and liquid gels can help to keep stethoscopes hygienic. However, it’s also noted that regular cleaning is more important than the method chosen: “The failure of disinfection methods does not seem to be due to the lack of effectiveness of what is used, but rather to a lack of regularity in the use of the products. An approach to disinfection with mechanisms that provide for automation and do not alter the activity of health care workers could be useful to maintain good sanitation performance over time.” Napolitani, M. et al. Regular Inspection and Part Replacement Ideally, check all parts of your stethoscope periodically so you’re sure they’re working as expected. That goes for your chestpiece, earpieces, and tubing. The regularity of your checks might vary, but try to avoid waiting for problems to arise. Over time, you may need to replace some parts due to wear and tear, or to invest in a new stethoscope outright. When in doubt, always read the manual and look for stethoscopes with full warranties attached. Proper Storage Techniques It’s easy to damage your stethoscope by leaving it out in the open, and doing so also puts it at risk of getting cross-contaminated. If your stethoscope has a case, be sure to store your tool away properly whenever it isn’t in use. Troubleshooting and Performance Testing Troubleshooting your stethoscope will vary depending on the manufacturer and model you buy. You could, for example, test your stethoscope on yourself or a loved one to ensure it is working as expected. Otherwise, do what I do, and always refer to the manufacturer for detailed performance tests – you’ll be thankful when your stethoscope weathers the years to come. Final Thoughts Stethoscopes may seem simple on the surface, but they have lots of working parts, and can be extremely sensitive to look after. Therefore, always take the time to learn how to use your stethoscope properly, and take the knowledge you’ve gained from this guide forward into finding your next stethoscope – which we can certainly help you with here at Medshop! Sources Best Stethoscopes: Littmann Stethoscopes, Prestige, Spirit and more. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/stethoscopes Littmann Stethoscopes. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/littmann-stethoscopes Napolitani, M., Bezzini, D., Moirano, F., Bedogni, C., & Messina, G. (2020). Methods of Disinfecting Stethoscopes: Systematic Review. In International journal of environmental research and public health (Vol. 17, Issue 6, p. 1856). International journal of environmental research and public health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061856 Stethoscope Care and Cleaning. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/stethoscope-care-to-last-a-lifetime Ultimate Guide to Different Types of Stethoscopes. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/ultimate-guide-to-different-types-of-stethosco pes
March 23, 2025
Steven Cumper
AED Maintenance Checklist: Essential Steps
For anyone suffering a sudden cardiac arrest outside of hospital, an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) could make all the difference when saving a life. Around 26,000 Australian people suffer arrests outside of medical facilities each year. Therefore, it’s crucial to have AEDs on standby in public places. By delivering electric shocks, AEDs can also help to prevent brain damage and support CPR. However, these devices must always be properly maintained and stored so they continue to support public emergencies. In this guide, we will break down a simple AED maintenance checklist you can follow to ensure your equipment is clean, safe, and operational. AED Maintenance Checklist An AED maintenance checklist ensures that you regularly test, clean, and fix up your life-saving devices whenever needed. As critical as AEDs are, you can’t expect them to keep working properly without due care and attention. Key Components to Include in the Checklist The key points we recommend you include in your AED maintenance checklist are: Checking and replacing batteries Checking and replacing pads Visually inspecting the device Cleaning the device Storing the device safely and securely This list isn’t just based on our expert knowledge of AED equipment, but also on years of feedback from business owners and first responders who shop with us! We’ll explore each of these points in more detail below. Importance of Documentation Before checking, cleaning, or even fixing your AED for the first time, carefully read the manual provided with your device. Failing to look after your AED properly could lead to it breaking down, therefore putting lives at risk. All AEDs we provide at Medshop arrive with clear instruction manuals to help you learn how to use the devices and how to care for them. Let’s start with the key points from our AED maintenance checklist. Battery and Pads Replacement AED batteries, like any, will slowly expire over time. In most cases, you’ll need to replace them within five years of starting to use the device or fitting new batteries. However, some will expire in as few as two years – always check your manual. Most AEDs will also have battery indicator levels to inform you when replacement is approaching. Always follow your manual’s advice on how to safely remove expired batteries before trying to do so yourself. Removing the batteries will depend entirely on the model of AED you use. In many cases, there will usually be a back cover you can safely remove to find the batteries to remove and replace. Always make sure to purchase AED batteries from a reputable supplier. AED pads expire, too. For example, over time, the gel used to adhere pads to skin will gradually lose applicability. Expired pads might become loose during operation – meaning your AED won’t work properly. There’s no guarantee when AED pads generally dry out and expire, so make sure to check any expiration dates listed by the manufacturer. Add these dates to your checklist. It’s also a good idea to visually check your pads for any damage – cracks or tears, for example – these simply won’t work properly. We recommend keeping a second or even third set of fresh pads on standby just in case you find their adherence has dried up before use. You should always make sure to buy pads designed for your specific AED, and to store them in sealed packaging to stop them drying up and getting damaged. Cleaning and Maintenance Procedures Always carry out routine visual inspections and clean your AEDs at least monthly to make sure they are safe and operational for use in emergencies. However, using abrasive chemicals can damage the device, so use appropriate cleaning solutions such as rubbing alcohol, or isopropyl. Carefully clean the AED itself and any corners and nooks in the device, along with the case and any additional pieces. You should use a damp cloth with rubbing alcohol for the best results, but you can also use disinfectant wipes or water. Any damaged or faulty parts should be replaced outright – make sure to line up a supplier or to speak with your manufacturer if this is the case. At the same time, it’s important to test your AED occasionally – again, monthly, at least – to ensure it’s fully operational. Many AEDs will have safe test functions and offer warning indicators if there’s a problem. This is another procedure you can follow via your device’s manual. Legal and Compliance Requirements Legal and compliance requirements for AEDs and public buildings vary depending on location. However, in South Australia, for example, it’s a legal requirement for public building owners to install a fully-working AED in an accessible location with clear signage. That said, compliance and legal requirements can vary depending on your building and services, too. Best practice, generally, is to store and maintain your AED carefully and ensure it’s clean and operational. It’s also important to register your AED defibrillators with any local authorities – making sure you meet the standards expected of you not only keeps people safe, but also ensures you remain on the right side of the law. Proper Placement and Storage As per compliance and for public safety, all AEDs should be stored appropriately in accessible areas with clear signage. In the event of an emergency, people in need should not have to spend time looking around for life-saving equipment. To preserve AEDs and their pads, always keep your equipment away from extreme temperatures. Many of our customers also say that keeping AEDs safely secured in storage boxes and cabinets helps prevent damage – and we agree. Just make sure the cabinets or boxes you use are durable! Even if you haven’t used your AED for a while, always regularly test it and visually check for damage. Training and Awareness for AED Users Many AEDs are simple to use with instructions provided during application. However, it still pays to invest in training for people who are likely to use the equipment over time. Train your personnel regularly – just as you would with first aid and CPR – so that your whole team knows how to use AED defibrillator equipment should the worst-case scenario occur. Basic awareness is just as important – in the event of a sudden cardiac arrest, your team needs to know where the life-saving equipment is held! Cost-Effective Ways to Maintain Your AED Here are some final tips to help you maintain your AED and accessories without the unnecessary expense: Invest in and store high-quality replacement parts Set up a regular schedule for maintenance to avoid costly replacements and fixes Shop with a reputable AED provider with positive customer reviews – reputable providers offer long-lasting equipment Trust your manual – not your gut – when it comes to maintaining your AED If in doubt about your AED’s functionality – contact the manufacturer before purchasing parts Conclusion Maintaining your AED and its equipment effectively means that, should you ever need to use them, you have the best possible chance at saving lives. Whether the people you help need CPR, an electrocardiogram (ECG), or hospital treatment afterwards, you’re taking the right steps to get them back to full health. Don’t just leave your AEDs in place – check, test, clean, and repair them – lives could depend on you doing so. Sources AED.com. (n.d.). Cleaning your Physio Control AED or Manual Defibrillator. In AED.com. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from https://www.aed.com/blog/cleaning-your-physio-control-aed-or-manual-defibrillator/ April. (2024). Australian regions needing cardiac arrest education revealed. In Monash University. Monash University. https://www.monash.edu/news/articles/australian-regions-needing-cardiac-arrest-education-revealed Bray, J., Howell, S., Ball, S., Doan, T., Bosley, E., Smith, K., Dicker, B., Faddy, S., Thorrowgood, M., Swain, A., Thomas, A., Wilson, A., Shipp, C., Walker, T., Bailey, P., Finn, J., Smith, T., Bernard, S., Grantham, H., … Perkins, G. (2022). The epidemiology of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Australia and New Zealand: A binational report from the Australasian Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (Aus-ROC). In Resuscitation (Vol. 172, pp. 74–83). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.01.011 Defibtech LLC. (n.d.). How to Check a Defibrillator. In AED Maintenance Checks. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from https://www.defibtech.com/news/latest/how-to-check-a-defibrillator/ Enser, M. (2024). Do AED Units, AED Batteries, & AED Pads Expire? & Why? In First Response Safety Training. https://www.firstresponsecpr.com/blog/do-aed-units-aed-batteries-aed-pads-expire/ Heart Saver NZ. (2021). Why Do AED Pads Expire? Heart Saver NZ. https://www.heartsaver.co.nz/news/why-do-aed-pads-expire/ How to Change an AED Battery on 6 FDA-Approved Brands. (2023). https://www.aedleader.com/blog/how-to-change-aed-battery/
March 11, 2024
Steven Cumper
First Aid Kits in the Workplace — The Essentials
Workplace injuries are far more common than perhaps people realize. In 2021, employers reported 2.6 million injuries and illnesses occurring in the workplace, and despite legislation requiring all injuries to be reported, it’s likely that unreported accidents would increase this number further. Perhaps even more shockingly, workplace fatalities increased by almost 9% in 2021 to 5,190. It’s clear from the evidence that workplaces can be dangerous places, and even though some would appear to have more obvious risks than others, accidents can occur almost anywhere, and at any time. So, you need to be prepared. We can all imagine how injuries might occur on a construction site, through the misuse of power tools, falling, or through a blow to the body from moving materials. But, although it's perhaps less dramatic, imagine an office scenario where an employee slips on a step and cuts their wrist or bangs their head on an open cupboard door. These types of injuries would seem to be less severe than those suffered on a construction site but without the right equipment in a basic first aid kit, even minor injuries can become serious quite quickly. The last thing you want is to be left trying to stem the bleeding using napkins from the staff canteen or similar. You need effective first aid equipment from a well-stocked box. First aid kits can save lives. It’s that simple. They help to prevent injuries worsening, stem bleeding, alleviate discomfort and buy precious time until first responders get to the scene. They are also required by law. The First Aid Kit as Part of Your Prevention Program Before we get on to the details of the essentials for any first aid kit in the workplace, it’s worth noting that this should only form part of a wider prevention and response protocol that should be in place at your place of work. This should include a network of measures such as risk assessments, health and safety checks, and incident reporting and monitoring. However, even with the best intentions and full compliance with regulation, sometimes accidents just happen. And when they do you need to be prepared. Safe Work Australia First Aid Requirements 2024 Safe Work Australia is the federal body that oversees health and safety in Australian workplaces. They have created a code of practice that all workplaces must follow in order to be legally compliant. The following list sets out the minimum acceptable category and number of supplies that are adequate for small work sites of two to three employees. When work sites are larger or have more employees, it is the employer’s responsibility to ensure additional first aid kits or more supplies are provided. According to Safe Work, a standard workplace first aid kit should include: First aid booklet with instructions for how to properly administer first aid Notebook and pen Resuscitation equipment such as resuscitation mask Disposable, latex-free nitrile gloves Non-stick Gauze pads (at least7.5 x 7.5 cm) Saline – 15ml Wound cleaning agent such as sealed moistened towelettes Adhesive tape Box adhesive dressing strips (band-aids) Disposable sterile splinter probes Tweezers/Forceps Antiseptic spray – 50 ml Non-adherent dressing in small (5 x 5 cm), medium (7.5 x 10 cm), and large (10 x 10 cm) Two gauze roller bandages, 5 cm and 7.5 cm in width Crepe bandages (10 cm) for heavy bleeding Scissors Non-stretch, hypoallergenic adhesive tape (2.5 cm width) Six-pack of safety pins BPC wound dressing pads – no. 14 (medium) and no. 15 (large) Wound dressing – Combine Dressing Pad 9 x 20 cm Plastic bags with clip seals A triangular bandage (calico or cotton, minimum 90 cm in width) Thermal blanket Single-use eye pad 3.5 gm sachets of hydrogel. Note: gel sachets should only be used when clean running water is not available. Instant cold pack Need a Kit? Check all our First Aid Kits. Of course, this is just the basic minimum mandatory requirement, and larger workplaces will need either multiple kits located around the site or more supplies of the basic items listed above. Workplaces that come with specific hazards, like snake bites, insect stings, or burns, have additional requirements for their available first aid kit contents. It may also be a good idea to equip your first aid kit in the workplace with other items that you may find helpful in an emergency, like face shields, splints for sprains, and gauze swabs. Safe Work specifically recommends against including painkillers in workplace first aid kits because they can be risky to use with some patients. In fact, in 2022, the International Safety Equipment Association announced further recommendations for standard first aid kits. These new standards include the addition of a foil blanket, tourniquets, and bleeding control kits. Employers were encouraged to check their first aid kits and make the recommended additions to ensure they were conforming to the new standards. It’s recommended to familiarize yourself with other safety resources, as well. For example, you can find online tools and apps that are useful for locating the nearest AED in a cardiac emergency. First Aid Kit Location and Inspection First aid kits should be clearly marked and located in convenient and easy-to-reach positions. Ideally, they should be wall-mounted or stored in a specific location where they will not be blocked or obscured. On larger worksites, first aid kits should be located in multiple accessible places around the site so that travel time is reduced should an accident occur. First aid kits should also be inspected once a month, with items checked off against a tick list. If an accident or injury does happen and treatment is required, this should be logged through the relevant reporting methods and any items used from the first aid box should be immediately replaced. Don’t forget to check expiry dates! As part of safe strategies for workplace safety, regular inspections and restocking of first aid kits ensure that employees always have access to essential medical supplies in emergencies. Why First Aid Matters We all want to think that bad things won’t happen to us. That it will be someone else who cuts their hand, slips on the stairs, or has an accident with machinery. But the reality is that with 2.6 million accidents happening each year in the workplace, there’s always the risk that it could be any one of us. When it does, we all want to know that the right equipment and supplies are in place and easily accessible to give us the treatment we need as quickly and efficiently as possible. That’s why having a well-stocked and maintained first aid kit in the workplace is so important. You may remember the story of Robyn Neilson, whose neighbor was gravely injured while working on a remote farm. Robyn, who had formerly worked in medical settings, “snapped into what we used to call intensive care mode,” and used her first aid training to keep her neighbor alive for two full hours while waiting for emergency medical personnel. Since this incident, Robyn has advocated for extensive workplace preparedness in Australia, urging employers and employees alike to be ready for the worst and get properly trained in first aid. As Robyn knows, someone’s life could depend on how well-prepared a workplace is for an emergency. Is a First Aid Course Required? For some workplaces that Safe Work considers high risk, like construction sites, formal first aid training is required for at least one employee out of every 25. If your workplace is remote and very dangerous, like a mine, the recommendation is that one person out of every ten should be formally trained in first aid. The law requires workplaces to either have “one or more workers” trained to provide first aid, or they must bring in someone to perform first aid who has been trained. For those who are trained, a national certification is required. The legal requirements vary based on the type of workplace, and are more lenient in low-risk workplaces, but it is best practice for every workplace to have at least one employee who is trained in first aid. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
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