Steven Cumper
Steven John Cumper, B.App.Sc. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong background in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine. He founded Medshop while studying at RMIT University in Australia, expanding its reach to markets in Papua New Guinea, Singapore, and Malaysia. In September 2021, the Bunzl Group acquired a majority stake in Medshop, but Cumper remains involved as the Managing Director (Medshop Group). His journey from Zimbabwe to the UK and Australia reflects his dedication to academia and entrepreneurship, combining diverse knowledge and experience.
Latest Articles
August 29, 2024
Steven Cumper
The History of the AED: From Invention to Lifesaving Device
The number of public places one can find an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Australia (and the developed world) rises every year. These lifesaving devices are now increasingly found in fitness centers, office spaces, airports, shopping malls, and even in the waiting areas of hospitals, making early defibrillation accessible to the public. Barring a few key differences, what used to exist only as a defibrillator is now an overwhelmingly automated version, capable of delivering electric shocks to restore normal heart rhythm in cases of sudden cardiac arrest. There are so many AEDs in the world today, the question everyone should be able to answer is, where is the nearest one? For medical professionals and first responders trained in resuscitation techniques, using manual defibrillation with electrode pads might be preferable due to the ability to customize treatment. However, the widespread availability of modern AEDs allows even untrained bystanders to perform potentially lifesaving interventions, significantly increasing the chance of survival during a cardiac emergency. Many organizations are implementing safety management systems to ensure AEDs are readily accessible and that staff are trained to respond effectively in emergencies. The AED addresses a modern public health challenge. While people no longer die from infectious diseases at the rates they once did, we are living longer, which means we are more susceptible to conditions like ventricular fibrillation—a treatable misfire in the body’s electrical system. The good news is, in today's world, even someone with zero experience can save another's life with an AED, correcting a shockable rhythm and contributing to the chain of survival. The AED is one of the most important medical devices of the last century, empowering everyday people to perform lifesaving actions. We have yet to see the full scope of possibilities from this transformative technology. It started with some pretty crude devices… First Electricity Leading up to the first electrical medical devices for the heart was the discovery or if you prefer the word harnessing... of electricity in the 18th century. For most of Humanity’s history leading up the 20th century, the medical role for electricity was to determine if someone had died. A quick zap to the tissue would wake someone who'd passed out. A dead patient would stay dead. In Europe and Russia, researchers in the 1890s started playing with electricity to revive animals. A pair of physiologists from the University of Geneva, Jean-Louis Prévost and Frederic Batelli began this work with undetermined success. Others followed their work, but none of that research resulted in a successful case of chest defibrillation in a human being. Then, in the 1930s, a new York cardiologist, Albert S. Hyman with his brother Charles, created the first artificial pacemaker. It wasn’t a defibrillator as such, but this was our first foray into applying electricity to the heart to keep it going. Prior to this, doctors might attempt to massage a heart on the operating table to stop a case fibrillation, but results varied. (That's code for it didn't work very well.) First Defibrillator Those varied results were the experience of another cardiac surgeon, Claude Beck, who worked at the University Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Sometimes he could massage a heart to defibrillate, but usually, fibrillation meant the surgery was over. Beck first applied current to the hearts of animals whom he’d placed into ventricular fibrillation, attempting to defibrillate them. He was not done with this research when presented with a case in 1947. During a surgery on a 14-year-old boy, the patient’s heart stopped. Beck had his assistants retrieve his experimental equipment from his basement, a crude defibrillator, and transistor. The paddles of Beck’s system were modified spoons with wooden handles to shield him from the shock. They plugged in the transistor and Beck applied the first shock. It did not work, but the second shock was a success. This marked the first successful closed-chest defibrillation in a human, a breakthrough that gained national attention. Beck’s crude defibrillator was a significant milestone in the history of AEDs, inspiring others to continue research and development in this field. Portable Defibrillator The work of Beck inspired others to further his findings. In 1950 Paul M. Zoll (the same Zoll, which is now a household name in AED technology) developed an external pacemaker, designed to stimulate the heart without opening up a patient’s chest. Zoll's 150-volt system required a medical professional to apply two one-inch diameter metal discs covered in electrode jelly on the right and left sides of the chest. They stayed in place via a rubber strap. By 1952, Zoll published papers on the success of his resuscitation work with patients suffering from heart block and asystole conditions. It wasn’t perfect though. Patients suffered burns and pain after treatment, but it was better than suffering death. Zoll’s pacemaker may have been crude, but it was something, and it was portable. It just needed a little work to evolve into a modern AED. Automated External Defibrillation A man from Northern Ireland, Professor James Francis "Frank" Pantridge, who also happened to be a cardiologist, took Zoll’s idea to the next level. As a side note, he also happened to be the same person who, with his colleague, Dr. John Geddes, outlined the first standards for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). On top of that, he introduced the first Mobile Coronary Care Unit (MCCU), which was an early ambulance equipped with portable defibrillators and trained medics aimed at providing care en route to the hospital. In 1965, Pantridge added a 70-kilo defibrillator to the ambulance, run on car batteries. Again, crude, but it worked. By 1968, he’d refined that technology in a three-kilo device, made possible by borrowing NASA technology; a mini-capacitor. It would take decades for defibrillators to become standard in ambulances around the world, but today most ambulances have both a standard defibrillator and an AED. Today we are at the cusp of incorporating our best drone technologies with our lightest portable AEDs. Researchers in different parts of the world are testing different versions of this system. The key for moving the needle on saving lives will likely include some sort of machine learning (artificial intelligence) where drones can recognise the symptoms of an arrest before the prospective patient’s symptoms become critical. If a drone knew before the patient knew, we could see a huge shift in the success rate of treating heart attacks. When it happens, you can be sure Medshop will be there, continuing its commitment to providing essential first aid and heart-aid solutions. For those interested in learning more about how Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) work and how to use them effectively, Medshop offers a comprehensive guide that covers everything from the basic principles of defibrillation to step-by-step instructions for operating an AED during an emergency. This resource is invaluable for both medical professionals and the general public, helping to demystify the process of first aid and early defibrillation. You can access this guide and enhance your AED training by visiting What is a Defibrillator? How AEDs Work and How to Use Them. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
February 13, 2025
Steven Cumper
Managing Diabetes in the Elderly
“With our aging population and increasing prevalence of diabetes, the issue of managing diabetes in older people is becoming increasingly important” - Prof. Greg Johnson, Diabetes Australia CEO Diabetes is an ongoing condition that, for millions of older people, can cause pain, discomfort, complications with other conditions, and even fatalities in extreme cases. It’s estimated around one in five Australians between the ages of 80 and 84 are diabetic—that’s around 19%. If there are familial links to diabetes or you notice symptoms in yourself or your loved ones, it’s vital to get a diagnosis fast. In this guide, we discuss the types of diabetes affecting elderly people, and how to manage living with the condition. Types of Diabetes Diabetes is a complex condition that is considered chronic, in that it’s a long-term illness. People with the condition struggle to manage their blood sugar, meaning that when they eat food there isn’t enough insulin in their bodies to turn it into energy. It’s typically divided into four main types, with the first two particularly affecting older people across Australia. Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is a condition that many people are born with. It’s thought to be an autoimmune condition, and at present, there’s no specific cure. People with type 1 diabetes need to use insulin syringes every day to manage their glucose levels. It’s estimated that around 134,000 people across the country have type 1 diabetes, and 1.3 million have type 2. Type 2 Diabetes As the statistic above shows, type 2 is more common across Australia. This condition arises when your body cannot balance blood sugar and can develop over several years. It’s possible to develop type 2 diabetes through poor lifestyle choices, such as an unhealthy diet or a lack of exercise. Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes is unlikely to affect elderly people as it typically occurs to women during pregnancy. This condition usually disappears after women give birth, however, it can make them more susceptible to type 2 diabetes later in life. Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) MODY refers to a series of conditions linked to high blood sugar levels. As the name suggests, this condition typically affects people younger than 30, and there are several different types. Common Risk Factors for Diabetes in the Elderly As discussed, there are a few reasons why people might develop any type of diabetes listed during their lifetimes. However, the following risk factors are particularly common, meaning they can exacerbate the condition in elderly people, or increase their risk of developing types one and two: Hereditary links (common with diabetes type 1) Ethnicity (white people are more likely to develop type 1, while other ethnicities may be at higher risk from type 2) Being overweight Leading a sedentary lifestyle (not exercising more than three times a week) Previous cases of gestational diabetes Symptoms and Diagnosis of Diabetes in the Elderly Given the sheer number of telltale signs of diabetes, it isn’t always easy to be able to spot the condition right away. However, typical symptoms elderly people with diabetes exhibit can include: Fatigue and lethargy Numb or tingling hands and feet Excessive urination Diarrhea Blurry vision Excessive, unintentional weight loss Increased general pain Skin infections Increased thirst and hunger Loss of balance Slow healing from skin damage In elderly people, some of the more unique signs of diabetes include sweet-smelling breath, cognitive difficulties, and skin darkening. Some older people may also experience swollen gums and dizziness (leading to fainting). It’s thought that, as we age, we become more susceptible to type 2 diabetes because we become more resistant to insulin, and our pancreases are less effective at managing glucose. Complications of Diabetes in the Elderly We’ve split some of the typical short-term, long-term, and cardiovascular complications that elderly people might face into different categories: Short-Term Complications Falling: Diabetes can cause older people to lose balance because of vision impairment and numbness in their feet. Neuropathy: Nerve damage can occur in the short and long term, but in the short term, older people with diabetes might suffer from nerve pain around the body. Long-Term Complications High blood pressure: Diabetes can lead to blood pressure spikes that could, in turn, affect essential organ performance, and increase the chance of strokes. Memory problems: Many older people with diabetes can struggle with memory loss and the ability to make judgement calls. Depression: Living with and adapting to diabetes can be highly stressful for older people, which might lead to feelings of long-term depression. Factors such as weight fluctuation, tiredness, and sleep problems can cause depressive episodes. Incontinence: In particular, elderly people might experience urinary incontinence due to nerve damage caused by diabetes Kidney failure: Untreated or poorly managed diabetes can lead elderly people to suffer organ damage such as kidney disease. Cardiovascular Complications Along with other vital organ failures, elderly people suffering from diabetes may be at higher risk of developing heart disease, suffering heart attacks, or experiencing other cardiovascular episodes. Managing Type 2 Diabetes in the Elderly: Prevention & Lifestyle Changes Thankfully, there are many proven ways for elderly people to carefully manage their lifestyles so that they can avoid developing diabetes and risk any complications. Personalised Treatment and Medication Instead of looking for catch-all cures, elderly people should consult their doctors or physicians to learn more about their specific condition, and how they can manage it with unique prescriptions. Your doctor will also help you understand how your blood glucose range works when it comes to monitoring your levels. Blood Sugar Monitoring Elderly people don’t have to go to the physician’s office for sugar monitoring tests! In fact, many of our customers purchase diabetes and blood monitors so they can safely analyse their levels from home. Of course, you should never purchase a blood sugar monitor at random. Take a look at our complete guide on how to choose the right glucose meter before you buy. Dietary Modifications and Meal Planning Elderly people should focus on reducing their processed carbohydrate intake to avoid exacerbating diabetes. That means cutting down on sugar-filled drinks, processed snack items, and excessive sugar. Instead, diabetics should try to introduce more protein, water, and fibre into their diets and plan meals with smaller serving sizes. Exercise and Physical Activity for Seniors Exercise isn’t always easy or comfortable for older people. You or your loved one(s) might consider simply taking walks, or maybe trying a little yoga. Older people with a little more strength and flexibility might also consider lifting small amounts of weight to help build lean muscle. Swimming and even chores also count towards regular, healthy exercise! Stress Management and Mental Well-being Elderly people should try to practice breathing and calming exercises to help them handle stressful situations easier. It’s not always possible to avoid stressful situations, therefore, practising meditation and mindfulness, for example, are great ways to adapt to some of life’s more complex moments. Preventing Complications It’s possible to avoid certain complications brought on by diabetes even as you get older. For example, you can: Go to your doctor’s surgery for regular checkups Get vaccinated regularly Manage your cholesterol with low-fat diets Reduce alcohol intake and smoking Brush your teeth regularly and visit a dentist to reduce infection risks Conclusion Managing diabetes in the elderly can sometimes seem complex or even scary. However, provided you or your loved one(s) are willing to ask for help and to make lifestyle adjustments where appropriate, there are plenty of ways to stay healthy. Just like our customers – many of our regular buyers rely on our monitors and syringes to keep track of their blood sugar levels and avoid potentially life-threatening complications. Sources National Council on Aging. (2024). 6 fun physical activities for older adults with diabetes. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.ncoa.org/article/the-6-best-activities-for-older-adults-with-diabetes Diabetes Australia. (2022). Blood glucose target range. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/managing-diabetes/blood-glucose-range Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2024a). Diabetes risk factors. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/risk-factors/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2024b). Diabetes basics. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/index.html Endocrine Society. (2022). Diabetes and older adults. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/diabetes-and-older-adults Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (n.d.). Diabetes: Australian facts, summary. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/diabetes/diabetes/contents/summary Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (n.d.). Diabetes: Australian facts, type 2 diabetes. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/diabetes/diabetes/contents/how-common-is-diabetes/type-2-diabetes Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Diabetes care: 10 ways to avoid complications. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-management/art-20045803 Diabetes Australia. (2019). Diabetes in Australia. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/about-diabetes/diabetes-in-australia UChicago Medicine. (n.d.). Diabetes in older adults: Risks, treatments & health habits. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/health-and-wellness-articles/diabetes-older-adults National Institute on Aging. (2024). Diabetes in older people. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/diabetes/diabetes-older-people Mayo Clinic Health System. (n.d.). Diabetes: What happens as we age? Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/life-with-diabetes-what-happens-as-we-age Gregg, E. W., Engelgau, M. M., & Narayan, V. (2002). Complications of diabetes in elderly people. BMJ, 325(7370), 916–917. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7370.916 Hernandez, L., Leutwyler, H., Cataldo, J., Kanaya, A., Swislocki, A., & Chesla, C. (2019). Symptom experience of older adults with type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related distress. Nursing Research, 68(5), 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000370 Kirkman, M. S., Briscoe, V. J., Clark, N., Florez, H., Haas, L. B., Halter, J. B., Huang, E. S., Korytkowski, M. T., Munshi, M. N., Odegard, P. S., Pratley, R. E., & Swift, C. S. (2012). Diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care, 35(12), 2650–2664. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1801 Health in Aging. (n.d.). Managing complications of diabetes in later life. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://www.healthinaging.org/tools-and-tips/tip-sheet-managing-complications-diabetes-later-life MedlinePlus. (n.d.). Maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Retrieved February 6, 2025, from https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/maturity-onset-diabetes-of-the-young/
January 01, 2025
Steven Cumper
Lifestyle Changes to Maintain Healthy Blood Oxygen Levels
Your blood oxygen health is extremely important to your overall wellbeing. Without blood cells, our bodies’ organs simply wouldn’t receive the oxygen they need to perform properly! Therefore, it’s important to maintain healthy blood oxygen levels so you’re energized and ready to fight illness. One of the best ways to maintain healthy blood oxygen levels is to think carefully about your lifestyle choices. Simply quitting bad habits like smoking or practicing healthy breathing can introduce more oxygen into your body and bloodstream. In this guide, we’ll explore some quick, easy ways to keep your blood oxygen high and healthy. The Importance of Blood Oxygen Levels Healthy blood oxygen levels tell us that a body’s getting enough oxygen for cells to transport around the body. That’s to make sure cells are repaired, that your body receives a balanced amount of energy, and to protect your organs against various types of illness. Typically, a healthy blood oxygen level is at least 95%. This is measured based on saturation in the blood by devices called pulse oximeters. If blood oxygen levels are measured lower than 95%, you could be at risk of hypoxemia, a condition that can cause a range of uncomfortable symptoms. In the worst-case scenarios, hypoxemia could be fatal if left untreated. Symptoms and Causes of Low Blood Oxygen Low blood oxygen can lead to common symptoms such as: Shortness of breath General fatigue Headaches Regular coughing and/or wheezing Raised heartbeat Confusion and disorientation Discoloring in skin and nails You could suffer from low blood oxygen due to chronic illness, lifestyle habits, or even by travelling at high altitude. Some chronic conditions that might trigger low blood oxygen, for example, include sleep apnea and cystic fibrosis. Measurement of low blood oxygen could also indicate that you have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. In particular, it could be a sign that you have emphysema, a painful lung condition that – much of the time - is caused by excessive smoking. Other lifestyle habits that could bring about low blood oxygen include simply breathing in too much stale air and not getting enough exercise in the open. Unfortunately, the impact of lifestyle habits can be fatal if action isn’t taken in due course. Interestingly, some of our customers (who are medical professionals themselves) recommend taking up yoga or measured breathing exercises to fight off low blood oxygen readings. More on that tip below! Improving Oxygen Levels Through Daily Habits Low blood oxygen is a good indicator that your lungs, and therefore your blood, simply aren’t getting enough fresh air to deliver around the body. That means refraining from habits where you could be inhaling stale air or smoke, or it could simply mean you need to be more active! Breathing and Exercise Filling your lungs with fresh air while exercising is a great way to increase your blood oxygen levels. It’s good practice to get active, regardless – but breathing in stale air for too long is going to affect your blood health. Simple cardio exercise, trying a spot of yoga, or even just stretching your muscles is great for your blood. As mentioned, our customers frequently mention that they’ve turned low blood oxygen levels around simply by taking up regular breathing exercises and techniques. That might be as simple as sitting straight and breathing in and out slowly. It’s a practice called diaphragmatic breathing – and it can even help to lower stress. Nutrition and Hydration The role of nutrition and hydration in blood oxygen levels shouldn’t be understated. As always, a healthy diet is key to maintaining a healthy body, blood oxygen included. Try to eat more leafy greens, increase your iron intake, and eat antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables. You should also try and drink water regularly – and not just for your blood oxygen! Studies show that dehydration can negatively impact your cerebral blood flow. Environmental Factors Affecting Oxygen Levels Unfortunately, even if you live a healthy lifestyle and eat and drink well, some environmental factors can still trigger low blood oxygen. For example, one of the most common triggers for lower oxygen in the blood is simply travelling or living at high altitude. And, of course, if you live in a city or built-up area, you’re more likely to breathe in pollution and smoke. Therefore, your blood oxygen is going to suffer. It’s a good idea to take breaks where there’s clean air – maybe a local park, or out in the countryside if you can. Otherwise, people with long-term low blood oxygen or conditions associated with these levels might want to consider moving home and work completely! At home, it’s relatively easy to purify your air with devices you’ll find online. Look for a reputable brand in air purification and a device that’s well-reviewed. Add houseplants, too – they provide extra oxygen to indoor spaces. Measuring Blood Oxygen Levels As mentioned, to accurately measure your blood oxygen, you need a pulse oximeter. We provide a range of oximeters to our customers for use in professional settings, but if you have a long-term condition or suffer regularly with low blood oxygen, you should invest in a home device. Pulse oximeters give you two main readings – your heart rate and your oxygen saturation, measured in a percentage. The latter is referred to as SpO2. When using your oximeter, you should look for SpO2 of 95% or more for healthy blood oxygen. Anything lower than 90% might indicate a health issue. Our complete guide on how to read pulse oximeters goes in-depth on how to make the most out of your device. Here’s a quick summary of how to measure your blood oxygen: Clean and dry a middle finger or thumb Rest for around five minutes to allow your heart to settle Switch on the oximeter, attach to your finger and place your hand down Keep perfectly still for around a minute and record the reading Pulse oximeter accuracy can vary depending on the brand and the user. For example, if you move around while using it, or wear jewellery that might interfere with sensors, you might not get an accurate reading. We generally recommend you test your blood oxygen levels up to three times a day to get an accurate data spread. When to Seek Medical Advice If you experience severe symptoms along the lines of any of those listed in this guide, always consult a medical professional. If you test your blood oxygen with an oximeter and your SpO2 is lower than 90%, you might have a condition that requires urgent care. If you are in any doubt about your health or suddenly feel unwell, don’t hesitate to call emergency services or your doctor’s surgery for advice. Long-term, medical professionals will likely recommend you change your lifestyle and/or living situation to improve your blood oxygen levels. Conclusion Most of the time, a slightly lower blood oxygen level than usual is nothing to be too scared about. However, it’s still an indication that you need to make some changes to what you eat, drink, and do every day. Now you know how to start increasing blood oxygen levels, be sure to take things steady – don’t charge into a new exercise regime, for example, unless you’re physically able to do so. Remember, the advice given in this guide is purely a starting point! If you are worried about developing conditions that can arise from (or even lead to) low blood oxygen, make an appointment with a doctor or nurse in the first instance. In the meantime, remember to keep measuring your levels at home with a leading pulse oximeter – like those you’ll find in our online store, trusted by medical professionals across Australia. Sources AgingCare. (n.d.). Breathing exercises decrease stress and raise oxygen levels. https://www.agingcare.com/articles/breathing-exercises-decrease-stress-and-raise-oxygen-levels-189489.htm WebMD. (n.d.). How to increase blood oxygen level. https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/how-to-increase-blood-oxygen-level HealthDirect. (n.d.). Emphysema. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/emphysema Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Hypoxemia. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17727-hypoxemia Aviv Clinics. (n.d.). How to increase your blood oxygen levels: 21 actionable tips. https://aviv-clinics.com/blog/wellness/how-to-increase-your-blood-oxygen-levels-21-actionable-tips/ Smart Wellness. (n.d.). Lifestyle changes to maintain healthy blood oxygen levels. https://smartwellness.com.au/blog/lifestyle-changes-to-maintain-healthy-blood-oxygen-levels S.R. (2014). DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272104. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272104 Wexner Medical. (n.d.). Benefits of stretching. https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/blog/benefits-of-stretching
December 23, 2024
Steven Cumper
Can You Use a Defibrillator on a Person with a Pacemaker?
Automated External Defibrillators, or AEDs, can be crucial in saving lives outside of the hospital. It’s thought that, in addition to following CPR, using an AED can improve survival rates from cardiac arrest by up to 50%. People who are at particular risk of cardiac arrest and other heart problems might also use pacemakers and ICD (Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators) devices, which can help them manage healthy heart rhythms. But what if someone with a pacemaker needs extra help from an AED? Can you safely use a defibrillator on someone with an ICD or a pacemaker? The answer is yes - AEDs can be used on individuals with these devices, as long as proper precautions are taken. In this guide, we’ll answer these questions and look at a few common AED myths. Understanding Pacemakers and ICDs Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are surgically implanted devices designed to help manage irregular heart rhythms. Pacemakers work by sending electrical impulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate, typically used in cases of bradycardia (a slow heartbeat) or irregular rhythms. ICDs, on the other hand, monitor the heart for dangerous arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, and deliver shocks when necessary to restore a normal rhythm. These devices are vital for preventing complications associated with arrhythmias and significantly reduce the risk of sudden cardiac arrest A defibrillator, particularly an automated external defibrillator (AED), is needed in cases of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) when the heart’s electrical system fails, leading to chaotic or absent heart rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. In such scenarios, neither a pacemaker nor an ICD may be able to respond effectively. Can a Defibrillator Be Used on Someone with a Pacemaker? Yes, a defibrillator can be used on a person with a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), but precautions should be observed. When using an automated external defibrillator (AED), ensure the pads are placed at least one inch away from the pacemaker or ICD to avoid interference. AEDs are designed to assess the heart's rhythm and deliver a shock only when necessary. This means even if the pacemaker or ICD is functioning, the AED will not deliver an inappropriate shock due to its built-in safety mechanisms. However, if the pacemaker or ICD fails to correct life-threatening arrhythmias, the AED is essential for restoring normal heart rhythm. Myths and Misconceptions about Defibrillators Are AEDs dangerous for untrained bystanders? AEDs are designed to be user-friendly, providing clear instructions and analyzing heart rhythms to ensure shocks are delivered only when necessary. Even untrained individuals can safely and effectively use them during emergencies. AEDs damage pacemakers? When pads are correctly positioned, the electric shock bypasses the pacemaker, preventing any significant interference. Additionally, AEDs defibrillators have built-in safeguards to prevent incorrect usage, making them safe for a wide range of medical situations, including in patients with implanted cardiac devices AEDs don’t work on people who are overweight? There’s a myth that AEDs won’t be effective on individuals who are overweight or obese. However, AEDs are designed to work on people of all sizes. The shock delivered by the AED is based on the electrical rhythms of the heart, and the device adjusts to deliver the right level of energy for the situation. No matter a person’s body type, AEDs will still function as intended if the pads are placed correctly. Are AEDs only for heart attacks? AEDs are often associated with heart attacks, but they are specifically designed to treat sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), which is caused by an abnormal heart rhythm, not a heart attack. Sudden cardiac arrest can happen with or without a heart attack, and an AED is crucial in treating it. Statistics show that 90% of cardiac arrest patients survive when they receive AED shocks in the first minute. Every second counts – so don’t waste them wondering whether or not pacemakers are compatible with defibrillators! Training and Skills for AED Use Many modern AED devices are designed to offer in-use guidance, meaning members of the public can use them, if in a public area, in the event of an emergency. However, it is still important for professionals, such as first responders, and members of the public to learn how to use AEDs. For example, people fitted with pacemakers and ICDs, i.e., those with pre-existing heart conditions, are likely to be at higher risk than those without such fittings. Therefore, it’s wise to learn about AED pad placement, appropriate use, and what to look for in a quick visual inspection of your patient. As mentioned, you might typically see pacemaker scarring or slight chest lumps that suggest your patient has internal devices. In the event of having a cardiac arrest, it’s highly unlikely the victim will be able to tell you if they have a pacemaker or not – so, it’s better to be aware of what to look for. Just as it’s important to refresh first aid training and the basics of CPR, it’s just as important that building personnel know how to use AEDs effectively – don’t overlook the value of investing in training for your team! Do also take care to engage your team on how to use different types of defibrillators – such as manual devices – wherever possible. How to Perform CPR on People with Pacemakers In the event of someone with a pacemaker suffering a cardiac arrest, it’s vital to follow standard CPR procedures, regardless of using AEDs. The basics of CPR still apply with people fitted with pacemakers. However, you should adjust your compressions slightly to avoid disrupting where the implant is fitted. Apply compressions quickly and firmly – between 100 and 120 per minute – close to the centre of the chest, and away from the pacemaker site. Simply being mindful of a pacemaker or ICD during CPR is enough – you can usually tell if someone has a fitting if they have a small bump under the skin, or if there is chest scarring. In which case, it is better to be safe rather than sorry, and to avoid damaging the device or causing harm to the patient. Conclusion It’s a myth that you can’t use AEDs on someone with a pacemaker or an ICD. In fact, in many cases, doing so will make the difference between life and death. Therefore, always make sure to account for potential pacemaker fittings before using an AED, consult any manuals provided, and top up your team’s training – even knowing the basics can help to save lives in the event of an emergency. FAQ on Using a Defibrillator on a Person with a Pacemaker Let’s close our guide with some commonly asked questions about AEDs and pacemakers. Can a defibrillator cause electrical interference when used on a metal surface? Yes, using a defibrillator directly on a metal surface can cause interference and stop an AED from working correctly. However, it is usually safe to use an AED on a patient who is lying on a metal surface. Devices such as metal detectors, cellphones, and headphones are unlikely to cause interference or impede AEDs, either. What if the pacemaker or ICD is delivering a shock when I use the defibrillator? You can still use an AED alongside an ICD when attending to a patient. The AED pads should be placed at least one inch away from the implanted device to avoid interference. The AED will analyze the heart rhythm and determine if a shock is necessary. AED’s built-in safety mechanisms will guide appropriate action. Experts agree that it’s safe to use general CPR while ICDs are in effect, too. Sources Berkman, M. (2023). AED with Pacemaker - How To Use Defibrillator With Pacemaker. In Avive AED. Avive AED. https://avive.life/blog/aed-with-pacemaker Can you use a defibrillator on someone with a pacemaker? (n.d.-a). In www.bhf.org.uk. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/ask-the-experts/cpr-with-a-pacemaker-and-icd Cleveland Clinic medical professional. (2024). Defibrillator: Types, Uses and Purpose. In Cleveland Clinic. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/23020-defibrillator Devices That May Interfere With ICDs and Pacemakers. (n.d.). In www.heart.org. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/prevention--treatment-of-arrhythmia/devices-that-may-interfere-with-icds-and-pacemakers It’s shockingly simple to help save a life. (n.d.). In Heart Foundation. Retrieved December 2, 2024, from https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/media-releases/shockingly-simple-to-save-a-life Jane. (2023). CPR for Pacemaker & Defibrillator Users. https://cpraedcourse.com/blog/is-it-possible-to-perform-cpr-on-someone-with-a-pacemaker/# Mascitti, A. (2023). Special Considerations When Using an AED. In AED Brands. https://www.aedbrands.com/blog/special-considerations-when-using-an-aed/ AED Fact Sheet. (2023). American Heart Association. https://cpr.heart.org/-/media/CPR-Files/Training-Programs/AED-Implementation/2023-updates/AED-fact-sheet-Feb-2023.pdf
December 16, 2024
Steven Cumper
How Often Should Your CPR Skills Be Refreshed?
In the event of someone experiencing a sudden cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, could make all the difference in saving a life. However, little more than 50% of the Australian population are fully trained in CPR – and it pays to refresh your knowledge, too. Taking CPR refresher training helps to ensure you’re still competent at the skills required to support people in need – and for many professionals and healthcare providers, helps to ensure compliance. In this guide, we’ll explore when to refresh your skills and what that involves. How Often Should Your CPR Skills Be Refreshed? You should refresh your CPR certification – that is, HLTAID009 – once every 12 months. Although CPR certification validity doesn’t expire, the Australian Resuscitation Council (ARC) recommends a yearly renewal to make sure you’re clear on what CPR entails. However, in some cases, employers might require you to renew your CPR certification more frequently. Many of our clients, who are first responders and healthcare professionals like you, say that refreshing at least yearly is a great boost to their confidence in an emergency. CPR Training Guidelines and Standards The standard CPR training supported by the Australian Red Cross typically requires you to attend a two-and-a-half-hour classroom session. It’s the most standardised of CPR skill refreshment options. It’s a hands-on session, which means you’ll get the chance to practice what you learn as well as learn the differences in techniques used to support adults and children. CPR guidelines set by the ARC are nationally recognised – meaning from ACT to Western Australia, you can legally use the skills gained in the course nationwide. Of course, beyond basic training and refresher courses, you should always refer to standardised CPR guidelines to ensure you’re delivering appropriate legal care in emergencies. CPR Training Equipment When attending a CPR refresher course, you’ll likely encounter standardised training equipment such as CPR manikins. These human-shaped devices help you practice compressions and breathing techniques and help trainers measure your pacing and aptitude. During skills refreshment, you’ll also have the opportunity to use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED), which can be lifesaving between rounds of traditional CPR. In fact, you’ll also learn the difference between CPR vs AED, and when you should effectively switch between one technique and the other. Hands-on learning is widely hailed as one of the most effective ways to develop long-term skills, with studies claiming nine out of ten people agree. What better way, then, to refresh your CPR competencies? Components of a CPR Refresher Course Key components of a CPR refresher course supported by the ARC include: ● Detailed CPR steps ● Basic life support ● Physical competency with an AED ● Welfare considerations ● Legal considerations and requirements The ARC states that HLTAID009’s live, hands-on training experience is designed to give students the confidence to be able to support people experiencing sudden cardiac arrest, and those who are simply not breathing properly. The course is largely physical, covering roleplay with other students, practical AED use, and manikin training. However, there’s also a theory element, where students can test their knowledge so that they can recall the essential CPR steps in an emergency situation. Of course, after attending refresher training, it’s also important to have a standard CPR emergency handbook if you need it. Many of our clients say that, while refreshing their training helps the CPR basics to stick, having a physical resource gives them an extra layer of confidence. Importance of CPR Refresher Training Although the standard CPR refresher course is fairly short, it’s an essential booster to both your confidence and skill set. Simply learning CPR skills at the start of your training is all well and good, but like many skills, your knowledge and confidence might wane over time. CPR refresher training allows you to practice typical steps and to get re-accustomed to equipment such as AEDs in safe environments. You’re never practicing with real people, and you don’t have to wait until an emergency occurs to try out your skills. It’s thought that only 10% of people survive cardiac arrests outside of hospital largely due to a lack of CPR support and defibrillation. Acting fast with effective CPR can not only save someone’s life without the need for hospital support, but can also prevent brain damage. It’s estimated that brain damage can start to take effect within six minutes of a person stopping breathing, or their heart failing. Therefore, supporting someone with CPR and AEDs confidently and within minutes can make a tremendous difference. It’s all the more reason to reinvest in CPR knowledge regularly. Workplace Compliance and CPR Training Across Australia, it’s generally accepted that first aiders in the workplace should refresh their CPR certifications at least once a year. Beyond this, they should also renew their standard first aid qualifications every three years. Guidelines set by Safe Work Australia (SWA) state that workplaces must possess at least one recognised first aid kit, and that they should be accessible to trained first aiders. Its guidelines also state that companies should undergo first aid risk assessments to ensure compliance. CPR refresher training can ensure further compliance by providing first raiders with the knowledge and confidence to apply legally recognised techniques in an emergency situation. Trained first aiders, according to SWA, should receive additional training in the event of special risks and circumstances – to keep businesses compliant and to ensure the safety of anyone who falls ill. Conclusion Basic CPR and first aid training is an asset to anyone working with the public or who might need to support employees who suffer cardiac arrests. However, knowledge of CPR can dwindle over the course of a year, especially if no emergencies take place. Therefore, refreshing your knowledge with a course every 12 months will ensure you can confidently help people who are struggling to breathe. As mentioned, acting fast with effective CPR and AED use can save lives and even prevent brain damage. We hope there may never be an occasion where you need to practice CPR in real life. But, it’s always better to be safe than sorry – and refreshing your knowledge is your ticket to practicing CPR with confidence. Sources ANZCOR. (n.d.). Guideline 8: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation. https://www.anzcor.org/assets/anzcor-guidelines/guideline-8-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation-cpr-225.pdf First Aid Pro. (n.d.). Determining the frequency of instruction: Australian CPR training requirements. https://www.firstaidpro.com.au/blog/determining-the-frequency-of-instruction-australian-cpr-training-requirements Lifesaving First Aid. (n.d.). The importance of regular CPR training. https://lifesavingfirstaid.com.au/blog/the-importance-of-regular-cpr-training/ West Coast First Aid. (n.d.). How often should your CPR skills be refreshed? https://westcoastfirstaid.au/how-often-should-your-cpr-skills-be-refreshed/ LFA First Response. (n.d.). How often should CPR skills be refreshed? https://lfafirstresponse.com.au/blog/how-often-should-cpr-skills-be-refreshed/ Heart Foundation. (n.d.). Staying alive: A history of CPR. https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/blog/staying-alive-a-history-of-cpr Red Cross. (n.d.). Provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation. https://firstaid.redcross.org.au/provide-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation/ Safety Learning. (n.d.). How often should your CPR skills be refreshed? https://safetylearning.com.au/how-often-should-your-cpr-skills-be-refreshed Skillsforce. (2023, August 2). How long is your first aid certificate valid for? Understanding the expiry of HLTAID011 and HLTAID009. https://skillsforce.com.au/2023/08/02/how-long-is-your-first-aid-certificate-valid-for-understanding-the-expiry-of-hltaid011-and-hltaid009/ Learnwell Collective. (2024, May 21). Hands-on learning in high school. https://learnwellcollective.org/2024/05/21/hands-on-learning-high-school/ Gitnux. (n.d.). Hands-on learning statistics. https://gitnux.org/hands-on-learning-statistics/ Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Sudden cardiac arrest: Symptoms and causes. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634 ABC News. (2024, July 5). Australia’s cardiac arrest rates targeted through CPR campaign. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-05/australias-cardiac-arrest-rates-targeted-through-cpr-campaign/104048532 My CPR Certification Online. (n.d.). CPR success rate. https://www.mycprcertificationonline.com/blog/cpr-success-rate Safe Work Australia. (n.d.). First aid. https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/safety-topic/managing-health-and-safety/first-aid Safe Work Australia. (2019). Code of practice: First aid in the workplace (Document No. 1908). https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1908/code_of_practice_-_first_aid_in_the_workplace_0_0.pdf
November 19, 2024
Steven Cumper
From Home to Hospital: A Guide to Different Types of Defibrillators
Defibrillators have become a public health necessity for supporting people who experience SCAs, or sudden cardiac arrests, across Australia. In fact, there are more than 20,000 SCAs that take place out of the hospital every year, cross-country. Using the right type of defibrillator effectively could save someone’s life within minutes. But what are the different types of defibrillators, and what are they used for? In this guide, we explore the four main types, and what scenarios you might expect to use them in. Types of Defibrillators Defibrillators vary in terms of functionality and usability. The main four available to the public and businesses that install them include: Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) Manual Defibrillators Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillators (WCDs) In many cases, you’ll come across the standard AED first – but let’s explore what each of the alternatives do, and why it’s worth keeping their functionality in mind. Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Description AEDs are commonly found in public buildings and spaces across Australia. They have computers built-in that trace heart rhythms and guide users on when to deliver electric shocks to a patient. They can detect specific types of cardiac issues, too, such as ventricular fibrillation. They’re some of the easiest to use – you don’t need any formal training to know how to use AEDs. Common Usage Scenarios You’d typically use an AED to support SCA patients within minutes of them experiencing a lack of breath or responsiveness. Many of the customers we supply to advise that AEDs have helped them ensure patients are responsive ahead of first responders arriving on the scene. AED defibrillators are usually found in spaces such as hotels, public offices, and even schools. It’s safe to use AEDs on children, but you will need to use specific AED pads. Manual Defibrillator Description Manual defibrillators don’t have computers and instead use rudimentary electric shock paddles. They’re typically used by medical professionals who are trained to time precisely when shocks are required. They don’t pick up heartbeats, but professionals can easily use them to customise how big a shock patients receive. Common Usage Scenarios You’ll usually find manual defibrillators are used within medical facilities and hospitals, where professionals can access them and tailor the specific level of shock needed for different patients. They’re also usually attached to ECG or electrocardiogram devices. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Description ICDs are very similar to pacemakers in that they’re surgically installed in patients at high risk of SCAs. Like many AEDs, these devices can scan for irregular heart patterns and will deliver shocks if the wearer suffers what’s assumed to be a cardiac event. They are smart devices that can determine how much of a shock the patient receives. Some of the latest versions of ICDs also work as pacemakers, as determined by doctors or surgeons who install the devices into their patients. Common Usage Scenarios ICDs are usually ideal for people who have regular heart problems or experience irregular rhythms. It’s much like having an AED inside your person at all times, ready to react when a suspected SCA is in progress. This means that certain people are always protected against potential SCA events, meaning there’s no need to worry about finding AEDs at short notice. Some of the nurses we’ve worked with over the years really sing the praises of these devices – stating they help to save many lives. Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WCD) Description A WCD is much like an ICD, only it’s wearable outside of the body, not under the skin! WCDs pick up on heart irregularities and, like ICDs, deliver specific shocks tailored to the user's heartbeat. These automated devices remove the need for AEDs in public, and are easy to set up and remove wherever needed. Common Usage Scenarios WCDs are, again, like ICDs, typically reserved for people at high risk from heart disease and cardiac events. They are usually offered as temporary measures – for example, to support people awaiting heart surgery or transplants. They can be fantastic support for people with heart problems who want to enjoy exercise without worrying about the effects on their hearts. Interestingly, someone who wears a WCD will survive an SCA nine times out of ten! Comparison of Defibrillator Types Now that you know the main differences between the four types of defibrillators, let’s summarize a few key points briefly. Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Manual Defibrillator Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WCD) Description A computer-driven device that guides users A device that requires timing and precision to deliver shocks A device surgically installed for people at risk of SCA A removable device suitable for people at risk of SCA Key features Heart monitor, automated shocks, user guide ECG connectivity, customisable shocks Automated SCA detection and shocks Customisable shocks and SCA monitoring, removable hardware Commonly used for… Members of the public experiencing SCAs out of hospital People in hospital or in ambulances receiving professional care People who are at risk of heart failure and arrhythmia People who are at risk of heart failure and arrhythmia – who might be awaiting surgery Training required No formal training needed General medical training As directed by healthcare providers As directed by healthcare providers Cost range $1,500 - $4,000 N/A (provided by hospital) Procedures could cost $40,000 - $50,000 N/A (provided by hospital) Average lifespan Around 10-15 years (units only - batteries last up to seven years, pads between 2-5 years) No average Around 1-7 years, depending on the unit fitted Varies (typically used for up to 90 days max on average) Conclusion Knowing which defibrillators to use could help you save more lives than you expect! The bottom line is that the best defibrillators for home are AEDs, simply because they require no training and guide users on what to do. However, some patients will benefit from WCDs, which are wearable. Whether you’re a medical professional or a public building owner, always think carefully about the needs of those you come into contact with!
November 13, 2024
Steven Cumper
Considerations for AED Use on Children
It’s estimated that around three in every 100,000 children have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests every year. That’s based on figures from Metropolitan Melbourne alone – and this data shows we should all be taking child and AED (Automated External Defibrillator) safety extremely seriously. In this guide, we will explore: When you should use an AED on a child patient How to use an AED on children safely and effectively What to look for when purchasing an AED When Should an AED be used on children? You should use an AED on children who are experiencing sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). A child experiencing SCA will usually: Stop breathing or gasp sharply Suddenly lose consciousness Lose heartbeat and pulse It’s important to remember that SCA can occur in children of all ages, even in those who have no underlying conditions and who are otherwise healthy. It is safe for you to use AED defibrillators on children who are younger than eight years old. Specifically, children younger than eight will benefit from child AED pads designed to fit their smaller bodies. Many children older than eight will require adult pads. Once an SCA is detected, acting fast with an AED is vital. The nurses and first responders we’ve worked with over the years advise that every second counts. How to Use an AED on a Child or Infant? Unless you are with an emergency response team, always make sure to contact emergency services right away if there is any sign of a child experiencing SCA. Stay on the line with your responder for guidance and advice. While you will be instructed on how to help a child experiencing SCA, here are the steps our customers and clients recommend following. Check Responsiveness Quickly check whether the child is breathing normally or responsive to touch and speech. Check their pulse via their neck or wrists. If the child is unresponsive, you must begin CPR before using an AED. Begin CPR It’s crucial to start CPR as soon as you detect a child is unresponsive – effective practice can help to improve the child’s chance of survival, and can also improve the effectiveness of an AED if needed. For young children, you must place two fingers on the chest centre and start compressing at 100 beats per minute (BPM), up to 120 BPM if necessary. Doing so helps the child’s blood to circulate. Children generally need two-inch compression, whereas infants need around 1.5. Ideally, after every 30 compressions, you should attempt to give two rescue breaths. Tilt the child’s head back and cover their mouth or nose with your mouth, then give a gentle blow. You will need to watch if their chest rises. In some cases, an AED will guide you through how to effectively deliver CPR to a child. Get the AED After immediate CPR, obtain the AED (if you haven’t already). Ideally, if there are more than one of you, have one adult apply CPR while the other gets the AED to hand. In a public place, you will normally find an AED in a specific location. It’s important to memorise where these are if you can, just in case you need them in an emergency. Apply Paediatric Pads Make sure the area is safe from any intrusion and expose the patient’s chest, ensuring it is clean and dry, ready for paediatric defibrillator pads to be placed. You should also remove any patches for medication or other needs. Where you place the pads depends usually on the age and size of the child. For very young children (i.e., younger than one year of age), place the first pad on the upper left of their chest. Then, place the other on their back. For older children, carefully place the first pad toward the upper right of the child’s chest and the second to the lower left, just below the armpit. That said, it’s usually recommended that you follow the anteroposterior method for placing AED pads on children, meaning there’s one on their back and one on their chest. This is because it can be dangerous to allow pads to cross. Follow AED Prompts Now, attach and switch on the AED and follow its guidelines. Most have visual or audio prompts that guide you through how to deliver shocks to the patient. Be sure to switch your AED to paediatric or child mode if it has one. Always make sure there is plenty of space around you and let the AED trace the child’s heartbeat. Follow the steps suggested, and if the AED recommends resuming CPR, do so. Monitor the Child If the child regains consciousness or starts breathing (erratically or otherwise), continue to monitor them and follow advice from first responders (or, continue CPR if appropriate). If there is still no response from the child, continue the cycle until emergency services arrive, or until instructed by emergency support. What Precautions Should be Taken When Using AEDs on Children? You should always make sure that the area is clear around a child before using AEDs. Always ensure there is no likelihood of you being interrupted or that public traffic is unlikely to collide. Do always be ready to perform CPR before using AEDs – you could save a life without needing the equipment. Make sure you adhere AED pads correctly to the child’s body. Crossing pads on their chest, for example, could be dangerous. Do not hesitate to use an AED on a child. The Australian Heart Foundation states that 50% of people of all ages stand to survive SCAs with AED support. Without this equipment, this falls to 27%. Always call emergency services for help if you need direction for CPR and using AEDs. What Should I Consider When Purchasing an AED? When looking for AED defibrillators, choose devices that are: Easy to install and store where they can be accessed Manufactured by a leading brand or firm Packaged with pads and other safety equipment Sold by a reputable medical retailer The nurses and responders we’ve worked with over the years tell us that the best defibrillators for home (and public spaces) are those that come with clear instructions and are easy for anyone to access. You shouldn’t ever prioritise cheap equipment when it comes to saving lives. Look for a device that suits you and your public’s needs. FAQ Can You Use Adult AED Pads on Children? Yes, you can use adult AED pads on children who are over 55 pounds or older than eight years of age. However, we recommend you place one on their chest and another on their back so they don’t cross over. How Common is Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) in Children? SCA can affect up to three children in every 100,000 every year. In some areas, it can claim the lives of thousands of children annually – meaning it’s always important to have AEDs and pads available in public spaces. What are the Differences Between Paediatric AED pads and Adult Pads? Child AED pads are smaller than adult pads so they don’t cross over – and they also deliver less electrical energy. That’s because children typically need less energy than adults when AEDs are in use.
November 07, 2024
Steven Cumper
Proper AED Pad Placement: For Adults and Children
An automated external defibrillator, or AED, is a vital resuscitation device that offers life-saving care. But, did you know that AED pad placement is vital for ensuring that a victim’s heart gets the support it needs? In this guide, we will take you through what you need to know about AED use and placement on people of all ages. We'll also show you can safely use adult pads and pediatric pads to support a sudden cardiac arrest victim – useful advice for first responders, civilian rescuers, and EMS. AED Pad Placement Typically, you place AED electrode pads on the bare chest of someone who appears to be suffering from a cardiac arrest. An AED machine will scan heart rhythm and fibrillation and ascertain whether or not you need to deliver an electric shock to help the organ regain a healthy beat. Without proper AED pad placement, you cannot deliver appropriate first aid through chest compressions – and every second counts. A successful defibrillation depends just as much on where you place the equipment as it does on how you use it. Before attempting defibrillator pad placement on your own, check our following advice. Pad Placement for Adults Firstly, keep in mind that perfect placement may vary depending on your AED provider, so always check your manual or guide provided. The American Heart Association generally recommends following either an anterior-lateral or anterior-posterior placement when using AED pads. The advice is no different for an elderly man or a pregnant woman! Here’s what each placement involves: Anterior-lateral placement: Place one AED pad on the upper right side of the chest or torso, just above the nipple and under the collarbone. The other pad should be placed on the lower left side of the chest, under a woman’s breast or a man’s pectoral muscle. Anterior-posterior placement: Place the first pad on the front of the body between the left nipple of a man or under the left breast of a woman, and the chest’s midline. You should then place the other pad on the patient’s back, to the left of their spine, around level with the heart. Remember, you can still place AED pads on patients with pacemakers – who are most likely to experience an SCA episode. Pad Placement for Children and Infants The way to effectively place AED pads on children and infants is slightly different. This is largely because younger people need less of an AED shock due to their higher energy levels. To start, you must use specific pediatric pads designed for use with children. According to AED guidelines, a child is someone who is less than 55 lbs in weight or younger than eight years old. Typically, the AHA suggests placing AED pads through the front-back or anteroposterior positioning mentioned above. One should go on the chest wall, or front of the chest, and the other should go on their back. This is largely because, with smaller bodies, there's more of a risk of you overlapping pads on the front of a child's chest. Many of our clients recommend following the anteroposterior method just to be careful regardless of a child's age – after all, there's often no way to weigh them during an SCA! You should place the front pad on a child’s cardiac apex, just between their left nipple and the midline. The posterior pad, meanwhile, should go roughly between the shoulder blades and parallel to the heart. Pads used to defibrillate a child should ideally be as large as you can find while still offering a gap of around 3 cm. If you're worried about where to place AED pads safely and effectively, most providers have graphics that show you exactly where you should position them. Preparing the Patient for AED Use As mentioned, every second counts when it comes to supporting cardiac victims. Here are some quick preparation steps our customers have shared with us to help you use a defib machine effectively. Exposing the Chest Always make sure that a patient’s chest is fully exposed before placing pads. They need to apply to bare skin so that there is no resistance with the current supplied by the AED. That can mean shaving away chest hair and removing jewellery, nipple piercings, and necklaces, for example. Assessing the Patient's Condition Always check if a patient is breathing normally and has a regular pulse. If either are irregular, you can use an AED – but if they are not breathing or have no pulse, you should call emergency services as soon as possible and begin CPR. Cleaning and Drying the Skin If your patient has any dirt, debris, fluid, or water otherwise on their chest that could impede the AED pads, make sure to clean them carefully and to dry the skin fully. You need to make sure that the pads adhere fully to your patient’s bare skin. Be Prepared to Do CPR Remember, you may still need to do CPR if your AED still advises of irregular heart rhythms after delivering an electrical current. You may need to stop using the shock button, for instance, if you use a semi-auto machine. Follow chest compression rhythms as outlined in basic first aid policy and follow guidelines set out by the AED. Summary of Best Practices It’s vital to place AED defibrillators directly onto bare skin where electrical shocks can stimulate the heart without interfering with other internal organs. Failure to do so could result in slower recovery, or worse, even death. Remember, the best AED kits and providers ensure you have plenty of guidance when it comes to positioning pads on adult and child patients – but it’s always worth keeping the above advice in mind. Remember, the chance of survival from a cardiac arrest increases by up to 70% when using AEDs effectively! FAQ Can I Reuse AED Pads? No, you cannot reuse AED pads, they are for single patient use only. Therefore, you should always have a fresh supply available. Where can I buy new or replacement AED pads? You can buy new and replacement AED pads through specialist medical suppliers online, such as MedShop. Our repeat customers rely on our broad range of pads and AED supplies to ensure their first aid kits are always replete. Can adult AED pads be used on children? It’s inadvisable to use adult AED pads on children who weigh less than 55 pounds, or who are younger than eight years old. The main reason for this is that large pads could overlap on small chests. What should I do if the patient's chest is wet? Make sure to dry the patient’s chest carefully with a clean towel so that AED pads can safely adhere. What should I do if the AED pads overlap on a small chest? Reposition the AED pads so one is on their back, and the other is on the victim’s chest. This is called the anterior-posterior placement, and there are more details in our guide above.
October 24, 2024
Steven Cumper
Defibrillator Requirements and Regulations in Australia
In the event of a cardiac arrest, a defibrillator or AED is an essential piece of medical equipment that can save a life with an electric shock. Many of the doctors and nurses we’ve supported over the years have sworn by AEDs to help bring people back from the brink of fatal episodes – however, they need to be used safely and appropriately.
Exclusive discounts & promotions