Steven Cumper
Steven John Cumper, B.App.Sc. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong background in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine. He founded Medshop while studying at RMIT University in Australia, expanding its reach to markets in Papua New Guinea, Singapore, and Malaysia. In September 2021, the Bunzl Group acquired a majority stake in Medshop, but Cumper remains involved as the Managing Director (Medshop Group). His journey from Zimbabwe to the UK and Australia reflects his dedication to academia and entrepreneurship, combining diverse knowledge and experience.
Latest Articles
January 31, 2024
Steven Cumper
How To Use a Digital Thermometer — A Guide
Quick, efficient and easy to use, digital thermometers are an increasingly popular choice for both domestic and professional users. There are three main types of digital thermometers: ear (tympanic) thermometer, digital ‘stick’ thermometers and infrared thermometer. Each type of thermometer provides fast, accurate readings, giving health professionals invaluable diagnostic information. In order to ensure that readings taken from a digital thermometer are as accurate and as useful as possible, the device needs to be used and read correctly. To help you precisely assess yourself, your child, or your patient, we’re looking at how to take a temperature with a digital thermometer. How To Use a Digital Thermometer? In most cases, doctors, nurses and other medical professionals will be shown how to take a temperature with a digital thermometer as part of their workplace training. However, it’s always a good idea to refresh your knowledge on the subject on a regular basis, especially as products, guidelines and standard practices change over time. Before using a digital thermometer, it's essential to identify the thermometer's intended use, as they're designed for specific measurement sites: ear (tympanic), oral (under the tongue), rectal, or axillary (under the arm). Some models, particularly tympanic thermometers, offer the versatility of infrared forehead readings, expanding their utility. Using a digital thermometer accurately is a blend of technique, knowledge, and experience. We advise that you always ensure the thermometer is clean and correctly set up before use. Also, patience is key, wait for the thermometer to signal that it has finished reading. This patience ensures accuracy, which is essential for making informed health decisions. How To Use a Digital Ear Thermometer? Instructions on how to use a digital ear thermometer should come with your device. These instructions will give you a precise idea of exactly how your thermometer works and how to get the best results. In general, your reading will be most accurate if the thermometer is placed in the correct position. Most digital ear thermometers require you to pull the ear gently back and out so that the probe can fit snugly into the ear canal. Once the thermometer is in position, wait until the device beeps. This will tell you that the reading has been taken successfully. In some cases, you may need to press a button to trigger the device. The thermometer should only take a few seconds to take the reading. It’s important that the patient remains still until the reading is complete. For accurate and reliable measurements, consider using the Welch Allyn Pro 6000. Once the patient’s temperature has been taken, the results will be displayed on the small digital screen on the side of the thermometer. In most cases, you’ll be able to choose whether to see results displayed in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. Some thermometers also give you the option to save readings for future comparison. If there’s any uncertainty about a reading, taking it again after a short interval can help ensure accuracy. However, be mindful that factors like earwax buildup, ear infections, or the shape of the ear canal can affect readings. In such cases, alternative types of thermometers might be more suitable. Your digital ear thermometer should be cleaned and sterilized after each use to avoid infection. How Do You Use a Digital Infrared Thermometer on the Forehead? Non-contact forehead thermometers like Omron MC720 are a good option for people who need fast, hygienic temperature readings. As they don’t touch the skin of the patient, they can be used on multiple people without the need for sterilization. When using a digital forehead thermometer, it’s always best to read the manufacturer’s guidelines before you begin. This will help to ensure your readings are as accurate as possible. When taking a reading, ensure the patient's forehead is around 2-3 cm from the thermometer, clear of hair, sweat, or cosmetics, as these can affect accuracy. Position the thermometer parallel to the forehead for a direct, unobstructed path to the skin. Press the main button to initiate the reading, and remember to keep the thermometer steady at the recommended distance until it signals the completion of the measurement, usually with a beep. It’s also advisable to take multiple readings and use the average to ensure accuracy, especially if the readings seem inconsistent. How To Use a Digital ‘Stick’ Thermometer in the Mouth? As an expert in the field, we'd like to emphasize the importance of proper preparation and usage when employing a digital mouth thermometer. Before any measurement, it's crucial to clean and sterilize the thermometer. This step ensures accuracy in readings and prevents cross-contamination, especially important in a clinical or multi-user environment. For accurate and reliable temperature measurements, consider the Welcare Digital Thermometers. When you’re ready, place the thermometer under the patient’s tongue, towards the back of their mouth. This area, known as the sublingual pocket, is ideal for temperature measurement due to its rich blood supply, providing a more accurate reflection of the body's core temperature. Ask the patient to close their lips around the thermometer. You’ll then need to wait until the device beeps or flashes to show the reading is complete before removing it. Some devices require you to trigger the reading manually using a large button on the front of the thermometer. How To Read a Digital ‘Stick’ Thermometer Under the Arm? When taking a temperature under arm with a digital thermometer, you’ll need to place the device directly against the skin and hold the arm gently against it. If you’re not sure how long to leave the digital thermometer under arm, simply wait until the device beeps or flashes to indicate the reading is complete, or check the manufacturer’s instructions. Clean the thermometer with disinfectant before storing it away. Keep in mind that underarm temperatures can be slightly lower than oral temperatures. If the reading is unusually high or if you have any concerns, it's best to consult with a healthcare provider. How To Take Children Temperature with Digital Thermometer? If you’re taking the temperature of a young baby, you’ll need to use an under arm digital thermometer or a forehead thermometer, as a suitable suggestion you could use Infant Tympanic Thermometer. If you’re unsure where to take the temperature with a digital thermometer, opt for an under arm reading as the baby is less likely to move and cause an inaccurate result. Older children can have their temperature taken with ear, mouth, armpit or forehead devices. Whichever method you choose, make sure the child stays as still as possible for the duration of the reading. If they move, you may need to take multiple readings in order to get an accurate result. Can You Use a Digital Thermometer for Basal Temp The basal temperature is an indicator of when a woman is ovulating. A lot of women track this temperature throughout their menstrual cycle in order to improve their chances of conceiving. We recommend basal body temperature to be measured immediately upon waking, before any physical activity is undertaken, to ensure accuracy and It's crucial to take the temperature at the same time every morning. Digital thermometers can be used to check a woman’s basal temperature. However, it’s often better to invest in a specialist basal body thermometer as these are more sensitive than standard digital thermometers and so are more likely to produce an accurate result. Basal thermometers often also come with a choice of programmes and memory options to make it easy to monitor your temperature during ovulation. Learn more about digital thermometers, and the high quality products we offer, by exploring our range or getting in touch with a member of our team today. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
January 09, 2024
Steven Cumper
Ultimate Guide to Different Types of Stethoscopes
The stethoscope is arguably the most iconic piece of medical equipment ever invented. A symbol of the profession, the stethoscope is used by doctors, nurses and support staff in hospitals and clinics in every corner of the world. Take a look at our ultimate guide to stethoscopes to find the perfect device for your needs. What Does a A Stethoscope Do? A stethoscope, a pivotal tool in modern medicine, has revolutionized the way doctors diagnose and monitor internal bodily functions. This instrument has a long and significant history, with its use dating back to ancient times when physicians would listen to their patients' chests to assess their heart, lungs, and other organs.The evolution of the stethoscope began in earnest in the early 19th century, marking a significant advancement in medical diagnostics. The creation of the first stethoscope is attributed to the French physician, Dr. Rene Laennec, in 1816. Faced with the need to examine a patient's chest, Laennec ingeniously rolled a piece of paper into a tube, placing one end against the patient and the other to his ear. Laennec was amazed at the difference this made to the acoustics, and the stethoscope was born. A quarter of a century later, American George P. Camman developed a design that featured two earpieces, further enhancing the usability of the medical device. This basic model was used by medical professionals for over a century until 1960 when Dr. David Littmann significantly improved the design, giving doctors a tool they could really rely on in the process. In Australia, the stethoscope remains an essential tool in medical practice. A 2020 survey by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners found that 98% of Australian GPs use a stethoscope daily, highlighting its integral role in patient care (RACGP, 2020). These statistics underscore the stethoscope's enduring importance in the medical field, a testament to its evolution and the ingenuity of those who have contributed to its development. What Do the Chest Pieces and Ear Pieces Do? Today, virtually all stethoscopes are made up of two ear tips (also known as the headset) connected to a chest piece by a central tube. In most models, two ear tubes will split off from the main single tube to allow doctors to listen to chest sounds easily and comfortably. The ear pieces are there to receive the sounds transmitted from the chest piece, via the stethoscope tubing, to the upper part of the device. Ear pieces should fit comfortably in the user’s ear canal and relay sound accurately and clearly. Ear pieces are also used to help cut out ambient noise that could otherwise interfere with the examination. The chest piece is placed directly on the patient’s skin and is used to amplify the sounds of the internal organs. It’s this amplification that allows medical professionals to hear the various high and low-frequency sounds made by the heart, lungs, bowels and other organs. The chest piece is generally made of stainless steel and has two sides. The smaller, more rounded side is commonly known as the bell, while the larger, flatter side is called the diaphragm. Exploring your Stethoscope – Different Components and their Functionalities Component Functionality Chestpiece Contains the diaphragm (for high-frequency sounds) and bell (for low-frequency sounds). Can be rotated to switch between diaphragm and bell. Diaphragm Flat, circular side of the chestpiece. Sensitive to high-frequency sounds like heart murmurs and lung sounds. Should be applied firmly for best results. Bell Smaller, concave side of the chestpiece. Sensitive to low-frequency sounds like heart sounds. Applied lightly for best results. Tubing Flexible rubber tubing connecting the chestpiece to the earpieces. Transmits sound from the chestpiece to the ear tips. Ear Tubes Two metal or plastic tubes that transmit sound from the tubing to the earpieces. Earpieces Two small, usually rubber or plastic, components that fit into the ears. Designed to form a seal for effective sound transmission. Binaurals Y-shaped metal or plastic pieces that connect the ear tubes to the earpieces. Adjustable for a comfortable fit. Headset The combination of binaurals and earpieces that allows the user to wear the stethoscope around their neck and position it comfortably in their ears. Tubing Length Varies in length (typically 18-28 inches) depending on the type and brand of stethoscope. Longer tubing can provide greater flexibility in examining patients. Extra Features Some stethoscopes may have additional features like tuneable diaphragms, noise-reducing technology, or specialised coatings for improved sound quality. What Is a Diaphragm? The diaphragm is an integral element of the modern stethoscope. Generally used to detect high-frequency sounds, the diaphragm is the larger, flatter side of the chest piece. Most high quality stethoscopes allow the user to tune the diaphragm for maximum acoustic performance. What Are the Advantages of a Stethoscope? The stethoscope stands as a quintessential tool in healthcare, offering medical professionals an invaluable means to assess a patient's internal health. Its practicality is evident in various clinical scenarios. For instance, in a busy hospital setting, a cardiologist might use a stethoscope to detect subtle heart murmurs, indicative of underlying cardiac conditions, in numerous patients daily. Similarly, in a general practitioner's office, the stethoscope plays a crucial role in routine check-ups, enabling the doctor to listen to a patient's lungs and identify signs of respiratory issues, such as bronchitis or pneumonia. One of the most significant benefits of the stethoscope is its non-invasive nature. For example, a pediatrician can easily use it to listen to a child's heartbeat or breathing without causing any discomfort, making it an ideal tool for examining young patients who might be anxious or fearful of medical procedures. Moreover, the stethoscope's affordability and durability make it an economical choice for healthcare facilities. A high-quality stethoscope, once purchased, can last for many years, even decades. An example of this longevity can be seen in rural clinics, where resources might be limited. Here, a single stethoscope can be used to examine thousands of patients over several years, offering a consistent and reliable means of diagnosis without the need for frequent replacement.In terms of cost-effectiveness, the stethoscope proves its worth not just in high-volume urban hospitals but also in remote medical camps. For instance, in outreach programs in rural Australia, medical volunteers often rely on stethoscopes to conduct primary health assessments for numerous patients who might not have regular access to healthcare facilities. This demonstrates the stethoscope's versatility and enduring utility in a wide range of medical settings. How Many Types of Stethoscopes Are There? Over the years, manufacturers have created a number of specialist designs to help doctors get the most from their devices. There are now a number of different types of stethoscopes to choose from. Some of the most popular are: Classic The 3M Littmann Classic III stethoscope is a fantastic choice for medical professionals looking for a reliable, all-round device. Made from high quality materials and built to the latest specifications, the stethoscope offers excellent sound quality, a tunable diaphragm, next generation tubing and a 5-year warranty. Cardiology Designed specifically for cardiologists, cardiology stethoscopes amplify heart sounds and cut out ambient noise, allowing specialist doctors to properly assess their patients. If you’re looking for a reliable cardiology stethoscope, the 3M Littmann Cardiology IV stethoscope is a good choice. Like all previous models in the Littmann Cardiology range, the Cardiology IV stethoscope is made from durable, high quality materials and is designed to outperform the competition. Pediatric Using specialist pediatric stethoscopes makes it easier for doctors to accurately examine paediatric patients. Designed for use on smaller bodies, these stethoscopes allow paediatricians to listen to the heart, lungs and bowels and accurately monitor their patients. Doctors treating babies and very young children can also use infant stethoscopes to examine their patients. Digital Invest in a Digital stethoscope and you’ll benefit from the latest in medical tech as well as Littmann’s legendary build quality. The 3M Littmann CORE Digital stethoscope offers up to 40x amplification, active noise cancellation and Bluetooth connectivity. Compatible with both iOS and Android devices, these electronic stethoscopes allow you to move easily between analogue and amplified listening modes. Teaching Doctors have to learn the process of auscultation before they can begin assessing patients on their own. Teaching stethoscopes have two headsets to allow students and teachers to listen to heart and lung sounds simultaneously. This makes it easier for teachers to instruct their students and ensures pupils know exactly what they’re listening to. Lightweight High quality acoustic stethoscopes are used to examine patients in clinics and on hospital wards. While lightweight stethoscopes are often used by paramedics, nurses and other medical professionals who need to make more general assessments quickly and efficiently. In fact, these lightweight nursing stethoscopes are the ideal piece of kit of busy days on the ward. Veterinary Specifically designed for use on animals, veterinary stethoscopes often have longer tubes to allow the vet to reach the stomachs and chests of larger creatures. What Is the Difference Between a Pediatric and an Adult Stethoscope? Pediatric stethoscopes generally have smaller chest pieces than adult versions. For example, pediatric Llittmann stethoscopes have specially designed bells and diaphragms to improve acoustics and amplify the sounds of a child’s chest. What Are the Advantages of a Bell-Shaped Chest Piece? If you invest in a dual head stethoscope, you’re likely to have a diaphragm on one side of the chest piece and a bell on the other. The bell is most effective at transmitting low frequency sound waves. Although some diaphragms can be tuned to improve acoustics at low frequencies, many doctors still prefer to use the bell side of their stethoscope for maximum accuracy. How Do I Know Which Stethoscope to Buy? If you’re just starting out on your medical journey, it’s probably a good idea to invest in an all-round stethoscope like the Littmann Classic. If you’re looking for a more affordable option, the Spirit Classic is another great choice. What Is the Difference Between a Stethoscope and a Littmann? The basic stethoscope design was significantly improved by Dr. Littmann in the 1960s. Because the changes he made were so influential, his name has become synonymous with the stethoscope in many people’s minds. Today, 3M Littmann still produces some of the best stethoscope designs around. What Kind of Stethoscope Do Doctors Use? Most doctors will use a good quality double or single head stethoscope when examining their patients. Stethoscopes with tunable diaphragms, advanced lumen tubing and soft-sealing ear tips are popular with physicians as they improve both comfort and usability. What Is the Best Stethoscope to Buy? The best stethoscope for your needs will depend on your speciality and your budget. In general, it’s always best to get the highest quality device you can afford. Well-made stethoscopes should last for years, so investing in a durable model now could well save you money in the long run - not to mention make diagnoses and assessments easier and more accurate. To find out more about the stethoscopes, how to clean your stethoscope properly, and the different models and accessories available, explore our collection of high quality medical devices today. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
March 21, 2024
Steven Cumper
How to Read a Pulse Oximeter Like a Boss
Accurately using a pulse oximeter is really not that difficult. In fact, by the time you finish reading this blog, you’ll see that there’s not much to it.
October 17, 2025
Steven Cumper
Stethoscope Bell vs. Diaphragm: What's the Difference?
The stethoscope is a crucial piece in any diagnostic toolkit, and it’s been that way for decades. If you’re like me, you’ll have used stethoscopes to listen to heartbeats, blood flow, and organ noises, depending on the patient. However, do you know the main differences between the stethoscope bell and diaphragm? In this guide, I’ll take you through the anatomy of a stethoscope and its main components and explore what separates the bell and diaphragm. Don’t start using one until you’ve read to the end! Stethoscope Anatomy and Components Traditional stethoscopes consist of tubing, eartips, eartubes, and chest pieces. It’s in this chest piece where you’ll find the bell and the diaphragm, which are used to listen to different sound frequencies. Here’s a quick breakdown. 1. Bell The bell is the smaller, concave side of the chest piece, and it is used to listen for low-frequency sounds. That means it’s frequently used to listen for heart murmurs, bruits, and low frequencies emitted by the lungs. It’s typically used with children, older people, and smaller patients with thinner builds, and you use it delicately to pick up on very slight noises. The bell can be vital in finding even slight anomalies in blood flow and organ noise. According to research, the bell is considered more sensitive than the diaphragm at assessing blood pressure: “The study by Cushman et al. 29 of 48 men with histories of primary hypertension also reported that there was no significant SBP and DBP difference between the bell and the diaphragm. Our study demonstrated a tendency toward higher BP values with the bell in comparison with the diaphragm, with a significantly higher DBP.” Liu et al. 2. Diaphragm The diaphragm side of the chest piece is larger and typically picks up high-frequency sounds the body produces. For example, you’d use this side to listen to simple heartbeat and lung noises. Typically, the diaphragm is designed for sounds that are easier to pick up, meaning you’d frequently use it by default when listening to patients. On many occasions, I switch sides or tune the diaphragm so that I can listen for less obvious noise. Differences Between Bell and Diaphragm The main differences between the bell and diaphragm are the sound frequencies they can pick up, their best use cases, pressure sensitivity and technique for use, and sound clarity and sensitivity. Frequency Range The diaphragm is used to pick up high-frequency sounds, such as heart murmurs, S1 and S2 heart sounds, and general bowel and lung sounds. The bell, meanwhile, picks up low-frequency sounds, such as vascular bruits and S3 and S4 heart sounds. Best Use Cases (Adults vs. Pediatrics) Generally, the bell, because it is smaller and easier to maneuver, is easiest to use when diagnosing children and infants, and patients with slender body types. For larger-build patients and most adults, the diaphragm is typically the first side to use for best results. That said, there will be occasions when you may need to switch between both sides. Pressure Sensitivity and Technique The diaphragm only works so well when you apply firm pressure against the patient’s skin. For the bell, it’s the reverse! To pick up low-frequency sounds, you need to delicately place the bell side against the patient’s bare skin. Proper Use and Techniques for Accurate Auscultation Regardless of the patient, using stethoscope bells and diaphragms properly (i.e., by applying the right pressure, handling the stethoscope properly, positioning the patient, and knowing when to switch between bell and diaphragm smoothly) is vital for accurate diagnostics. How Much Pressure to Apply After consulting with the patient, start with either the bell or the diaphragm to listen for organ sounds. When starting with the bell, press lightly against the skin so that low-frequency sounds can be heard. You need to do the opposite for the diaphragm – press firmly. Common Mistakes to Avoid There are a few easy mistakes to make. For example, you may accidentally use the wrong side to listen for specific noises, might apply too much or too little pressure, or even end up using the chest piece on covered skin! Always listen to bare skin and choose the side that applies best to the complaints your patient raise. For example, for bowel problems, you might use the bell for more subtle noises. Patient Positioning Tips To listen to patients effectively, you can position them either sitting up, supine, or left lateral recumbent (i.e., laying on their left side, horizontally). The position you sit your patient in will depend on what you are listening for. For example, regarding murmurs, many experts actually suggest using the left lateral decubitus position. In most cases of listening to simple heart sounds, doctors and nurses sit patients upright and apply to the chest. Switching Between Bell and Diaphragm Smoothly In most cases, you’ll be able to gently rotate the chestpiece and click the new side into place. In some cases, however, you may wish to start listening via the diaphragm, then gently switch to the bell to pick up more sensitive sounds. Some advanced tools, such as some Littmann stethoscopes, let you adjust frequency pickup with just one side! Choosing the Right Stethoscope for Your Needs There are several types of stethoscopes for different diagnostic needs and purposes. For example, single vs. dual head stethoscopes differ in sensitivity, tunable diaphragms allow for more accurate auscultation, and digital stethoscopes help to improve the diagnostic process. Single Head vs. Dual Head Stethoscopes Single head stethoscopes are very common and are recommended for general listening. However, dual head types offer more sensitivity, making them ideal for close bell auscultation. These stethoscopes deliver noise through two individual ear channels. Tunable Diaphragms Tunable diaphragms remove the need to switch between two sides of a chest piece. Specifically, these tools allow you to vary pressure to listen for certain frequencies. Digital and Electronic Stethoscopes Digital and electronic stethoscopes can amplify the sounds you hear during auscultation and allow you to delicately adjust your listening technique. There is less pressure required for you to switch between the bell and the diaphragm intensively, because you pick up a much higher sound quality all-around. Specialty-Specific Recommendations There are several specialised stethoscopes designed to listen for certain sounds and issues. For example, some are designed to listen for subtle heart sounds, while others are designed for pediatric diagnostics. Regardless of the tool used, the bell and diaphragm technique still applies. Technological Advancements in Stethoscope Design Stethoscope design advancements, such as electronic sound amplification, Bluetooth and digital recording features, AI-based diagnostic support, and telemedicine-ready stethoscopes, have greatly improved the quality of sound and accuracy of diagnostics. Electronic Sound Amplification ESA technology helps users to listen more carefully to their patients. Amplification effectively improves the diagnoser’s chances of hearing diagnostic tells, which they would usually rely on using the bell for with acoustic stethoscopes. ESA stethoscopes haven’t replaced traditional tools outright, but have enhanced the listening and diagnostic process. Bluetooth and Digital Recording Features Digital recording and capture via Bluetooth helps diagnosers to capture listening data for reference later on. That means they don’t have to intensively listen to a patient and switch between the bell and diaphragm in real-time. They can listen to the audio later and analyse more closely. AI-Based Diagnostic Support Emerging stethoscope technology uses artificial intelligence to carefully analyse and match noises recorded through digital stethoscopes. That means AI can effectively pre-diagnose patients and raise anomalies that users might miss on first listen. Telemedicine-Ready Stethoscopes Telemedicine stethoscopes can be used in distanced diagnosis, meaning medical professionals can listen to patients from afar. Data from the patient is delivered to doctors or nurses via telemedicine, allowing for remote analysis without the need for the patient to travel. Frequently Asked Questions Let’s close with some common questions about bells and diaphragms. Can I use the diaphragm for all types of sounds? No – stethoscope diaphragms are typically used to listen for high-frequency sounds, and aren’t designed for low-frequency noises. Is the bell still used with modern stethoscopes? Yes, the bell is still highly useful in diagnosing low-frequency sounds through modern stethoscopes. In particular, they are still used widely in pediatrics and gerontology. How do I know which side I'm using? The smaller, cup-shaped side of the stethoscope chest piece is the bell, which is for low-frequency sounds. The larger, flatter side of the chest piece, meanwhile, is for high-frequency sounds. Do all stethoscopes have both bell and diaphragm? No – some stethoscopes have single, tunable diaphragms that remove the need to switch sides during auscultation. Final Thoughts It’s always important to learn how to use a stethoscope before you dive right in! Thankfully, I speak from experience when I say that it won’t usually take long for you to get to grips with how the bell and diaphragm work in practice. Sources Best stethoscopes: Littmann stethoscopes, Prestige, Spirit and more. (n.d.). Medshop Australia. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/stethoscopes How to use a stethoscope effectively: Comprehensive guide. (n.d.). Medshop Australia. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/how-to-use-a-stethoscope-effectively-comprehensive-guide Littmann stethoscopes best sellers. (n.d.). Medshop Australia. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/littmann-stethoscopes Liu, C., Griffiths, C., Murray, A., & Zheng, D. (2016). Comparison of stethoscope bell and diaphragm, and of stethoscope tube length, for clinical blood pressure measurement. Blood Pressure Monitoring, 21(3), 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0000000000000175 Techniques - Heart sounds & murmurs exam - Physical diagnosis skills - University of Washington School of Medicine. (n.d.). University of Washington School of Medicine. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/tech.html Ultimate guide to different types of stethoscopes. (n.d.). Medshop Australia. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/ultimate-guide-to-different-types-of-stethoscopes
October 16, 2025
Steven Cumper
How to Clean a Stethoscope: Caring Tips
Stethoscopes are crucial diagnostic tools, and if you’re like me, you won’t leave for work without one. However, we all have a duty of care to our patients by making sure our stethoscopes are cleaned and sanitised regularly, and stored properly when not in use. Otherwise, they could pose a serious risk of spreading viruses and causing life-threatening infections for many patients. However, there’s no need to worry. With an efficient and proactive cleaning and care routine, you can always ensure your patients are safe and healthy whenever you diagnose them. In this guide, I’ll show you what parts to clean, how to clean them, and how to store and repair stethoscopes if necessary. Key Areas of a Stethoscope That Need Regular Cleaning The most crucial areas of a stethoscope that need regular cleaning and sanitising are the diaphragm and bell, the tubing and earpieces, and the chest piece and stem junction. This is because these areas are most likely to pose a risk of microbial spread and infection. Diaphragm and Bell These are the pieces that come into direct contact with your patients’ bare skin. Therefore, any bacteria or viruses that may be lingering on one person’s skin could pose serious harm to another. Even if you use Littmann stethoscopes, some of which have smarter diaphragm designs, the infection risks remain the same. Tubing and Earpieces Unfortunately, it’s easy for microbial nastiness to build up in your stethoscope tubing. What’s more, placing earpieces in and out of your ears every day without cleaning is also a risk factor for spreading disease. Chestpiece and Stem Junction Even the seals and protection around the chestpiece and stem need careful attention. You may not see it, but dust, dirt, and other debris can build up and compact without cleaning, which can, of course, pose risks to patients. Step-by-Step Guide to Cleaning a Stethoscope Effectively To clean your stethoscope safely and effectively, make sure to wash your hands, use appropriate cleaning products, clean the diaphragm and earpieces properly, clean down the tubing without stretching it, and dry and inspect the tool before using it again. Here’s a step-by-step guide. Step 1: Wash Your Hands Thoroughly wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with warm water and soap or antibacterial handwash. Dry them thoroughly with a fresh paper towel or a clean towel of your choice. Step 2: Use Appropriate Cleaning Agents and Products Personally, I recommend using 70% isopropyl alcohol, which you can buy in the form of wipes. This not only ensures that harmful microbes are taken care of, but also spares you from having to submerge the stethoscope in water, which may damage it. Don’t confuse this alcohol with hand sanitiser, which is often fragranced and may damage your stethoscope. Step 3: Wipe Diaphragm and Earpieces Thoroughly Carefully remove the diaphragm from the chest piece and (along with the chest piece itself), wipe thoroughly with your cleaning product. Do the same with the earpieces, which you should be able to remove from the stethoscope. Step 4: Clean Tubing Without Stretching You can use either the alcohol I suggested or some mild and soapy water to carefully clean down your stethoscope’s tubing. Be sure not to stretch out the tubing while doing so, but ensuring the whole tool is cleaned and rinsed thoroughly. Step 5: Dry and Inspect Before Reuse You can either leave your stethoscope’s parts to air dry or use a paper towel to dry it all down before reassembling. The crucial part to remember is that all parts must be fully dry before being put back together. Otherwise, moisture could lead to harmful bacterial growth. If you’re just using alcohol wipes, you might not need to wait long for your stethoscope pieces to dry! It’s crucial to take cleaning your stethoscope seriously. In-depth studies reveal some pretty revealing, and revolting facts: “Out of 62 participants, 53.22% individuals had never cleaned their stethoscope. All the initial swab samples showed bacterial growth.” And, thankfully, this particular study proved the power of cleanliness: “After cleaning with an alcohol-based disinfectant, there was a significant decrease in the average number of bacterial colony-forming units.” Bansal et al. Best Practices and Maintenance Tips for Stethoscope Care To keep optimum care of your stethoscope, I recommend cleaning after every patient visit, disinfecting after high-risk interactions, checking and replacing earpieces regularly, and using protective covers when needed. Clean Between Every Patient Visit Even if a Patient is presenting as being well generally and not contagious, you never truly know what bacteria they may be carrying. Remove the risk of infecting other patients completely by cleaning down after every visit. That goes for stethoscope accessories, too! Disinfect After High-Risk Interactions When you know that a patient is contagious, it makes all the more sense to disinfect and dry your stethoscope after interacting with them. When in doubt, clean extra or doubly disinfect. Or, you may wish to use removable pieces (which vary depending types of stethoscopes). Check and Replace Earpieces Regularly Earpieces can wear down and clog up with dirt and other nastiness, meaning it’s healthy to change them around every so often. Personally, I choose stethoscopes with changeable earpieces that I can swap in and out every few weeks. Use Protective Covers When Needed To avoid any risks at all, invest in protective covers for your stethoscope, or where possible, use remote stethoscope technology to listen to patients via telemedicine. Proper Storage and Care Between Uses Proper care for your stethoscope should also include keeping it clean and dry, away from your body, and in a cool place. All steps should ensure that your stethoscope remains uncontaminated when not in use, and therefore safe to use from case to case. Store in a Clean, Dry Area Where possible, store your stethoscope in a carry case it is provided with, and keep it away from moisture. As mentioned, moisture can harbour lots of bacteria, and keeping it stored in a sterile environment should go without saying! Avoid Hanging Around the Neck Long-Term You never know what bacteria you might be carrying, meaning while you may feel clean, it’s not safe to be hanging your stethoscope around the neck when it’s not in use. Again, look for a carry case and leave it there. Keep Away from Extreme Temperatures and Sunlight Extreme temperatures and intense sunlight can cause serious damage to your stethoscope’s tubing over time, and that goes for hot and cold extremes. What to Avoid During Stethoscope Cleaning Cleaning your stethoscope is a straightforward process, but mistakes such as using harsh chemicals, immersing in liquid, and using abrasive methods can all do more harm than good. Avoid Harsh Chemicals Harsh chemicals such as bleach, while very effective at killing bacteria and viruses, can cause serious damage to stethoscopes. That means you’ll need to find a new tool sooner rather than later. Don’t Immerse in Liquids Immersing any parts of your stethoscope in liquid – such as water – also puts it at serious risk from degrading and from the tool simply not working to its full potential. Never Use Excessive Force and Abrasive Scrubbing Your stethoscope is highly sensitive! Even using rough scrubbing brushes or cloths, or simply cleaning it too hard, can cause damage to the tubing. That means it’ll degrade, and again, become less effective over time. Signs for Repair or Replacement of a Stethoscope Always keep your eyes peeled for cracking, sound quality changes, loose parts, and visible wear and tear. You’re likely to need a repair or replacement. Cracked Tubing or Hardened Earpieces Cracking in the tubing and hardening up of earpieces indicate that your stethoscope has taken on some serious damage. Look into replacing the earpieces where possible, but replace the stethoscope outright if tubing appears to be cracking. It’s not worth the risk! Reduced Sound Quality or Performance Carefully monitor how effective your stethoscope is, both via the bell and the diaphragm, to ensure it’s giving you the best-quality audio for your diagnoses. If you’re in doubt, replace parts, or change your tool out completely. Loose Parts or Frequent Disconnections Loose parts and disconnections are very frustrating and can harm the accuracy of your auscultation. I recommend taking a zero-tolerance approach to this issue – swap pieces out or upgrade your stethoscope the moment it starts loosening up. Visible Wear After Repeated Cleaning Visible wear isn’t going to mean your stethoscope is less effective at its job, but it can be a sign you’re perhaps being too rough with it during cleaning. Final Thoughts All good stethoscopes need regular cleaning, care, and maintenance. Otherwise, they could put patients at risk and deliver inaccurate readings! Take it from me – you’ll want to care for this crucial tool for as long as you can. And, thankfully, it’s not hard to show it some TLC. Sources Bansal, A., R S, S., Bhan, B. D., Gupta, K., & Purwar, S. (2018). To assess the stethoscope cleaning practices, microbial load and efficacy of cleaning stethoscopes with alcohol-based disinfectant in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Infection Prevention, 20(1), 46–50. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177418802353 Cumper, S. (2024). Ultimate guide to different types of stethoscopes. Medshop Australia. https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/ultimate-guide-to-different-types-of-stethoscopes Littmann Stethoscopes Best Sellers. (n.d.). Medshop Australia. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/littmann-stethoscopes Stethoscope Accessories. (n.d.). Medshop Australia. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/stethoscopes-accessories
February 27, 2024
Steven Cumper
Guide: The Best Stethoscope for the Job
It might be hard for your family and friends to understand that there is more to the venerable stethoscope than “playing doctor.” While the basic goal with each stethoscope is the same, listening to the heart and lungs, the means and details of that listening vary from job to job. There is one more variable that matters even more. It’s what you think about the right stethoscope for your practice. This blog can say which stethoscope should be the one you must have, but when it’s your instrument to use, it’s you who must be content with your decision. You may feel that your veterinary practice mandates you use a cardiologist’s stethoscope, so be it. This is merely a guide created by a company that has been putting stethoscopes in the hands of medical professionals for decades. All that experience still doesn’t make us the end-all-be-all for your specific needs. That stated this guide is an ideal place to start your investigation. One more note... Before you skip ahead to the section that best serves your purposes. The answer to the unasked question (which is the best brand?), is Littmann. They are the best all-around stethoscope manufacturers the world-round. While there is some stiff competition across the board from companies we admire greatly like Prestige, Spirit or Welch Allyn, and from many who make quality stethoscopes themselves, Littmann wins accolades more often in more categories, hands down. Best stethoscope for nurses There’s a good reason we spend a lot of time on our nurses at Medshop. It's true that they are the hard-working bread and butter of our business, but they are also the ones putting us all back together when something goes awry… and something will always go awry. For nurses, the choice is simple. The Classic III from Littmann is the best all-around stethoscope for most nurses. It’s the Toyota Hilux of stethoscopes, meeting the most needs in one package, but also taking the most abuse and still cleaning up like new. Not to be confused with the Cardiology III, a slightly different instrument tuned more for detailed observation, the Classic III offers the same duel head advantage. With the Classic III, you'll hear high and low frequency sounds without having to carry two tools, without fumbling around. For nurses, who are juggling about five-million tasks, this reliability is priceless. In fact, nurses aren't alone in appreciating the security of the Classic III as we'll find in just a second. Best stethoscope for doctors While the aforementioned Cardiology III might do the trick for many doctors, the unbeatable standard for doctors is the one used by cardiologists: Littmann’s Cardiology IV. In fact, categorically, this section is probably the most wasted “ink” in this blog as most doctors and cardiologists know this without needing to do research. They aren’t reading this blog because the reputation of the Cardiology IV procedes itself. Best stethoscope for medical students Alright, so this is the category where picking the best gets a little shakier than the first two sections above. In that spectrum between the ideal stethoscope on paper and one's personal preferences, two options fall somewhere in the comfortable middle. Littmann’s Classic III will work perfectly for any student as an initial investment, but the Cardiology IV will get the job done well for a long time. Consider the Cardiology IV if you’re not on a tight budget or if you can’t get that wealthy relative to chip in for your future. Of course, as students often don't have large budgets so the classic III makes a worthy choice. Best stethoscope for paramedics For the medical professionals who aren’t happy savings lives unless there is a street race involved (kidding, kidding, kidding… sort of) the Classic III is the way to go. Paramedics won’t necessarily benefit from the precision of Cardio IV to warrant that level of exactness, even though it’s a tough enough tool to do the job. The Classic III is the best option for ambulance drivers for all the same reasons it’s the best option for nurses. It’s versatile, tough, and accurate. The stainless steel chest piece of the Classic III means it will not only take being dropped with a shrug, but it will clean up with little effort. Littmann didn’t skimp on comfort with this workhorse either. Users love them for the snap-tight ear tips, which are not only a snug seal but a comfy fit too. Best paediatric stethoscope What then, is the right stethoscope for the smallest and most valuable patients among us? There’s no question that Littmann rules this blog, and this category is no exception. The Classic II Paediatric does the job just fine. It’s the same technology as the normal Classic II, but the Paediatric version is a little smaller to accommodate small chests. As such, it’s a two-bell instrument, with a non-chill rim on the smallest size for all the obvious reasons. (See end of the previous section if you're confused.) It’s possible to find other stethoscopes which do some of the things the II Paediatric does, but none that do it all in one package. If this blog didn't address your specific needs, please don't hesitate to contact us for advice. We're all about getting you in the right stethoscope. It saves us both potential stress in the long run. One more thing... For those readers who have friends and family that are the fancy gift-giving sort, this is the perfect time to share this blog with them. You never know when someone is going to get that gift-giving spirit so you always want to make sure they are empowered with all your hopes and dreams. It might also be a good idea to remind said family and friends of your favourite colours too… just in case. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
June 20, 2022
Steven Cumper
How Do You Replace a Littmann Ear Tip?
One of the biggest names in the industry, 3M Littmann manufactures stethoscopes that are well known for their high acoustic quality and reliability. Littmann produces a variety of stethoscope models to suit all medical professionals. Ranging from student stethoscopes to master cardiology stethoscopes, these accurate, easy to use devices are some of our most popular medical supplies. Although they’re arguably one of the simplest medical tools in use, stethoscopes are incredibly important when it comes to diagnosing, monitoring and assessing patients. One of the most important parts of a Littmann stethoscope is the ear tip. The ear tips form a tight acoustic seal with the ear canal. This helps to keep ambient noise out and ensures doctors, nurses and students are able to clearly hear the chest, heart and other relevant sounds. In order to keep the acoustics as good as possible, you’ll occasionally need to change the ear pieces on your 3M Littmann stethoscope. Learning to do this properly will help to ensure a comfortable fit and make your stethoscope as accurate and reliable. How Do I Change the Littmann Ear Piece? As you’d expect from a trusted company like 3M Littmann, their products, including spare parts, are made from high quality materials and are designed with usability in mind. As a result, Littmann earbuds are very easy to change and old ear tips can be swapped for new ones in a matter of moments. To replace your existing Littmann stethoscope ear tips, simply grip the ear tip firmly and pull until it comes off. Then take the replacement ear tips and push them firmly onto the ends of the eartubes until they snap on to the tube and into place. To test if the ear tips are in the correct position, give them a gentle tug. It should take a concerted effort to remove them, so if they stay put, then you’ve replaced them successfully. How Do I Change the Earpiece on my Littmann Classic III? The Littmann Classic III stethoscope is the latest model in the company’s Classic range. This multipurpose stethoscope is ideal for specialists as well as students and general practice. It has a tuneable diaphragm on both the adult and paediatric surfaces of the chestpiece, next-generation tubing with enhanced resistance to skin oils and alcohol and exceptional acoustics that will allow you to properly assess your patients. The process for changing the earpiece on a Littman Classic III is the same as it is for the Classic II and other stethoscopes in the Littmann range. You can choose from either grey or black snap tight soft-sealing eartips. Once you’ve selected your new ear tips, simply remove the old ones and push the new ear pieces into place. What is the Littmann Ear Tip Made Of? Littmann ear tips are made from soft, pliable rubber. This high quality material is designed to adjust to the individual’s ear to form an excellent acoustic seal. This ensures the ear tips are comfortable to wear and helps to block out unwanted ambient noise, making it easier to hear all the sounds in the patient’s chest. You’ll find new ear tips in any standard Littmann stethoscope spare parts kit. Why is Changing or Cleaning Earpieces Important? It’s very important to keep your earpieces clean and to change them whenever they appear worn or damaged. Ear tips can easily pick up dirt and bacteria from the ear and the surrounding environment. Thoroughly cleaning the ear tips with an alcohol solution will help to remove this build up and keep your Littmann Cardiology or Classic stethoscope hygienic and safe to use. Over time, the soft rubber of the ear tips can become less flexible and suffer wear and tear. This may reduce the effectiveness of the acoustic seal and let ambient noise creep in. Investing in stethoscope replacement parts and swapping your old ear tips for new ones will help to ensure your stethoscope works exactly as it should. What Precautions to Keep in Mind While Changing Stethoscope Earpieces? When changing or cleaning the ear tips on Littmann Cardiology III, Cardiology IV or Classic stethoscopes, it’s important to ensure that the ear piece is completely dry before you attach it. If there’s water trapped in the ear tip, it can degrade the rubber and cause acoustic interference when you’re examining your patients. Can Stethoscope Earpieces Be Put in Backwards? Littmann earpieces should be pointing in a forward direction when they’re inserted into the ear. This helps to ensure a comfortable fit and a good acoustic seal. If you rotate the headset and put them in backwards, you’re likely to find they don’t offer the same high quality sound or the comfort level you’d expect from a Littmann product. When changing the ear tips on your Littmann stethoscope, it will be clear which way the ear tips should be facing when they’re pushed into position. If you’re unsure, take a good look at the position of your existing ear tips before you replace them. Littmann is one of the most established names in the world of stethoscopes. Known for their high quality acoustics, their durability and their versatility, these medical supplies can be found in hospitals, clinics and surgeries around the world. Changing the ear tips on your Classic, cardiology or digital stethoscope on a regular basis will help to keep your product in great condition and ensure you can accurately assess your patients. To find out more, and to start shopping for Littmann® stethoscope spare parts, explore our range of specialist medical supplies, or get in touch with a member of our team today.
May 30, 2022
Steven Cumper
How to Choose the Right Mask Level - ASTM 1,2,3 vs P2/N95
Face masks and respirators, when used correctly, can offer a good level of protection against viruses, bacteria and other potentially harmful airborne particles. Helping to keep you safe and prevent you from spreading diseases to those you meet, good quality facemasks are an essential element of personal protective equipment. During the pandemic, masks have played an important role in protecting both healthcare professionals and members of the public. However, with so many different types of masks on the market, it can be difficult to know which option is right for you. To help you find the right mask for your needs, we’re taking a look at the various masks available, their ratings and what these numbers really mean for you. What is the Difference Between a Disposable Mask, a Surgical Mask and a Respirator? There are three main types of face coverings currently on the market: Face masks (can include single use masks and cloth masks) Surgical masks Respirators Of these three, face masks have the lowest requirements on filtration efficiency. In fact, many aren’t regulated at all and may not offer a significant amount of protection, especially against airborne particles. Surgical masks are loose-fitting, disposable devices that create a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and contaminants in the immediate area. Surgical masks can also be labelled as isolation, dental, or medical procedure masks. Surgical masks should have a high level of fluid resistance and are designed to protect against splashes of blood, sprays of saliva, sneezing and other events that can cause you to come into direct contact with contaminants. These masks aren’t designed to stop aerosols and won’t prevent you from breathing in small virus particles. Respirators have even higher requirements than medical masks. They’re designed to form a seal around the nose and mouth to prevent airborne droplets and particles reaching your airway. Respirators often have exhalation valves to allow stale air to escape and offer a very high level of protection against all types of airborne contaminants. Respirators can be used as PPE in medical settings or to stop pollution, dust and other harmful substances from being inhaled. Common Safety Ratings for Face Masks and Respirators When looking for surgical masks, disposable masks and respirators, the most common ratings you’re likely to see are ASTM 1, 2 and 3, P2 and N95. ASTM stands for the American Society for Testing and Materials. The society is a developer of international voluntary consensus standards. Face coverings that bear an ASTM rating have been proven to offer a certain level of protection. Masks with an ASTM rating of 3 offer the best protection against coronavirus and other dangerous droplets, while those with a rating of ASTM level 1 offer the least protection. In most cases, ASTM ratings apply to surgical masks. Respirators are required to adhere to different regulations, these standards vary from country to country. In the US, respirators are approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Respirators that meet these standards will be labelled N95, N99 or N100. In Australia and New Zealand, masks that meet the standards set by the two countries are labelled P1, P2 and P3. P2 masks are equivalent with American standard N95 respirators. Masks manufactured in China have to meet Chinese safety standards. These respirators are labelled KN95, KN99 or KN100. While in Europe, you’ll see masks listed as FFP1, FFP2 or FFP3. Respirators are specifically designed to offer respiratory protection. As well as being suitable for use in health care settings, respirators are often used as PPE by people working in polluted areas or in places with potentially harmful airborne particles. What Do Face Mask Safety Ratings Really Mean? Understanding what exactly mask safety ratings mean will help you decide which option is right for you. A mask with an ASTM rating of 1 will keep out up to 95% of particles measuring 3.0 microns, and up to 95% of particles measuring 0.1 microns. Masks with an ASTM rating of 2 will filter out up to 98% of 3.0 and 0.1 micron particles. Masks with an ASTM rating of 3 are also required to keep out up to 98% of particles. NIOSH-approved respirators are usually labelled N95, N99 or N100. N95 respirators are required to filter up to 95% of 0.3 micron particles. N99 masks will keep out 99% of 0.3 micron particles, while N100 respirators offer the highest protection, with up to 100% particulate filtration. European respirators are required to meet slightly different standards. FFP1 masks need to keep up to 80% of 0.3 micron particles out, FFP2 masks have to stop up to 94% of 0.3 micron particles and FFP3 masks prevent up to 99% of 0.3 micron particles being inhaled by the wearer. P1, P2 and P3 respirators produced in Australia and New Zealand are more or less equivalent with European standards. Which Mask Offers the Best Protection Against Covid-19? In general, standard, single use face masks offer the least protection against Covid-19 (including the Delta variant). These types of disposable protective masks aren’t regulated and so don’t have to meet any set standards. If worn correctly, they will provide some protection against coronavirus, though it’s impossible to say how effective they’ll be. Surgical, or medical procedure masks, look and fit a bit like disposable masks. However, as they are used in health care settings they’re regulated and are required to meet set standards. NIOSH certified masks have headbands instead of ear loops. This creates a tighter seal and ensures the mask fits tightly around the nose and mouth. Masks with an ASTM Level 2 rating are generally sufficient for most people. However, if you work in a healthcare setting or are concerned about coming into direct contact with virus particles, the better protection offered by Level 3 masks might help to put your mind at ease. If you’re concerned about breathing in airborne coronavirus particles, a respirator could be a good option as they fit tightly around your nose and mouth. The materials used to make respirators are chosen to maximise breathability and airflow. This makes respirators a great choice if you need to wear your PPE for long periods of time. N95 masks will filter out up to 95% of 0.3 micron particles while FFP2 and P2 respirators protect against 94% of particles of the same size. This small difference in filtration efficiency won’t have a significant impact on the protection level of the mask. N95 and FFP2 respirators are readily available from online suppliers. If you want an even higher level of protection, you could opt for a N100 or FFP3 respirator. Although effective vaccines are now widely available, masks and respirators still play an important role in limiting virus transmission and keeping us all safe. To find out more, and explore our collection of high quality PPE, take a look around or get in touch today.
October 03, 2023
Steven Cumper
Littmann Stethoscope vs Spirit Stethoscope
Both Littmann and Spirit stethoscopes have their unique strengths, catering to different segments of the healthcare industry and different roles. In this article look at key features, which include performance, durability, accuracy, and pricing of each brand, so you can make an informed decision that works for you
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