Steven Cumper
Steven John Cumper, B.App.Sc. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong background in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine. He founded Medshop while studying at RMIT University in Australia, expanding its reach to markets in Papua New Guinea, Singapore, and Malaysia. In September 2021, the Bunzl Group acquired a majority stake in Medshop, but Cumper remains involved as the Managing Director (Medshop Group). His journey from Zimbabwe to the UK and Australia reflects his dedication to academia and entrepreneurship, combining diverse knowledge and experience.
Latest Articles
October 16, 2025
Steven Cumper
How to Clean a Stethoscope: Caring Tips
Stethoscopes are crucial diagnostic tools, and if you’re like me, you won’t leave for work without one. However, we all have a duty of care to our patients by making sure our stethoscopes are cleaned and sanitised regularly, and stored properly when not in use. Otherwise, they could pose a serious risk of spreading viruses and causing life-threatening infections for many patients. However, there’s no need to worry. With an efficient and proactive cleaning and care routine, you can always ensure your patients are safe and healthy whenever you diagnose them. In this guide, I’ll show you what parts to clean, how to clean them, and how to store and repair stethoscopes if necessary. Key Areas of a Stethoscope That Need Regular Cleaning The most crucial areas of a stethoscope that need regular cleaning and sanitising are the diaphragm and bell, the tubing and earpieces, and the chest piece and stem junction. This is because these areas are most likely to pose a risk of microbial spread and infection. Diaphragm and Bell These are the pieces that come into direct contact with your patients’ bare skin. Therefore, any bacteria or viruses that may be lingering on one person’s skin could pose serious harm to another. Even if you use Littmann stethoscopes, some of which have smarter diaphragm designs, the infection risks remain the same. Tubing and Earpieces Unfortunately, it’s easy for microbial nastiness to build up in your stethoscope tubing. What’s more, placing earpieces in and out of your ears every day without cleaning is also a risk factor for spreading disease. Chestpiece and Stem Junction Even the seals and protection around the chestpiece and stem need careful attention. You may not see it, but dust, dirt, and other debris can build up and compact without cleaning, which can, of course, pose risks to patients. Step-by-Step Guide to Cleaning a Stethoscope Effectively To clean your stethoscope safely and effectively, make sure to wash your hands, use appropriate cleaning products, clean the diaphragm and earpieces properly, clean down the tubing without stretching it, and dry and inspect the tool before using it again. Here’s a step-by-step guide. Step 1: Wash Your Hands Thoroughly wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with warm water and soap or antibacterial handwash. Dry them thoroughly with a fresh paper towel or a clean towel of your choice. Step 2: Use Appropriate Cleaning Agents and Products Personally, I recommend using 70% isopropyl alcohol, which you can buy in the form of wipes. This not only ensures that harmful microbes are taken care of, but also spares you from having to submerge the stethoscope in water, which may damage it. Don’t confuse this alcohol with hand sanitiser, which is often fragranced and may damage your stethoscope. Step 3: Wipe Diaphragm and Earpieces Thoroughly Carefully remove the diaphragm from the chest piece and (along with the chest piece itself), wipe thoroughly with your cleaning product. Do the same with the earpieces, which you should be able to remove from the stethoscope. Step 4: Clean Tubing Without Stretching You can use either the alcohol I suggested or some mild and soapy water to carefully clean down your stethoscope’s tubing. Be sure not to stretch out the tubing while doing so, but ensuring the whole tool is cleaned and rinsed thoroughly. Step 5: Dry and Inspect Before Reuse You can either leave your stethoscope’s parts to air dry or use a paper towel to dry it all down before reassembling. The crucial part to remember is that all parts must be fully dry before being put back together. Otherwise, moisture could lead to harmful bacterial growth. If you’re just using alcohol wipes, you might not need to wait long for your stethoscope pieces to dry! It’s crucial to take cleaning your stethoscope seriously. In-depth studies reveal some pretty revealing, and revolting facts: “Out of 62 participants, 53.22% individuals had never cleaned their stethoscope. All the initial swab samples showed bacterial growth.” And, thankfully, this particular study proved the power of cleanliness: “After cleaning with an alcohol-based disinfectant, there was a significant decrease in the average number of bacterial colony-forming units.” Bansal et al. Best Practices and Maintenance Tips for Stethoscope Care To keep optimum care of your stethoscope, I recommend cleaning after every patient visit, disinfecting after high-risk interactions, checking and replacing earpieces regularly, and using protective covers when needed. Clean Between Every Patient Visit Even if a Patient is presenting as being well generally and not contagious, you never truly know what bacteria they may be carrying. Remove the risk of infecting other patients completely by cleaning down after every visit. That goes for stethoscope accessories, too! Disinfect After High-Risk Interactions When you know that a patient is contagious, it makes all the more sense to disinfect and dry your stethoscope after interacting with them. When in doubt, clean extra or doubly disinfect. Or, you may wish to use removable pieces (which vary depending types of stethoscopes). Check and Replace Earpieces Regularly Earpieces can wear down and clog up with dirt and other nastiness, meaning it’s healthy to change them around every so often. Personally, I choose stethoscopes with changeable earpieces that I can swap in and out every few weeks. Use Protective Covers When Needed To avoid any risks at all, invest in protective covers for your stethoscope, or where possible, use remote stethoscope technology to listen to patients via telemedicine. Proper Storage and Care Between Uses Proper care for your stethoscope should also include keeping it clean and dry, away from your body, and in a cool place. All steps should ensure that your stethoscope remains uncontaminated when not in use, and therefore safe to use from case to case. Store in a Clean, Dry Area Where possible, store your stethoscope in a carry case it is provided with, and keep it away from moisture. As mentioned, moisture can harbour lots of bacteria, and keeping it stored in a sterile environment should go without saying! Avoid Hanging Around the Neck Long-Term You never know what bacteria you might be carrying, meaning while you may feel clean, it’s not safe to be hanging your stethoscope around the neck when it’s not in use. Again, look for a carry case and leave it there. Keep Away from Extreme Temperatures and Sunlight Extreme temperatures and intense sunlight can cause serious damage to your stethoscope’s tubing over time, and that goes for hot and cold extremes. What to Avoid During Stethoscope Cleaning Cleaning your stethoscope is a straightforward process, but mistakes such as using harsh chemicals, immersing in liquid, and using abrasive methods can all do more harm than good. Avoid Harsh Chemicals Harsh chemicals such as bleach, while very effective at killing bacteria and viruses, can cause serious damage to stethoscopes. That means you’ll need to find a new tool sooner rather than later. Don’t Immerse in Liquids Immersing any parts of your stethoscope in liquid – such as water – also puts it at serious risk from degrading and from the tool simply not working to its full potential. Never Use Excessive Force and Abrasive Scrubbing Your stethoscope is highly sensitive! Even using rough scrubbing brushes or cloths, or simply cleaning it too hard, can cause damage to the tubing. That means it’ll degrade, and again, become less effective over time. Signs for Repair or Replacement of a Stethoscope Always keep your eyes peeled for cracking, sound quality changes, loose parts, and visible wear and tear. You’re likely to need a repair or replacement. Cracked Tubing or Hardened Earpieces Cracking in the tubing and hardening up of earpieces indicate that your stethoscope has taken on some serious damage. Look into replacing the earpieces where possible, but replace the stethoscope outright if tubing appears to be cracking. It’s not worth the risk! Reduced Sound Quality or Performance Carefully monitor how effective your stethoscope is, both via the bell and the diaphragm, to ensure it’s giving you the best-quality audio for your diagnoses. If you’re in doubt, replace parts, or change your tool out completely. Loose Parts or Frequent Disconnections Loose parts and disconnections are very frustrating and can harm the accuracy of your auscultation. I recommend taking a zero-tolerance approach to this issue – swap pieces out or upgrade your stethoscope the moment it starts loosening up. Visible Wear After Repeated Cleaning Visible wear isn’t going to mean your stethoscope is less effective at its job, but it can be a sign you’re perhaps being too rough with it during cleaning. Final Thoughts All good stethoscopes need regular cleaning, care, and maintenance. Otherwise, they could put patients at risk and deliver inaccurate readings! Take it from me – you’ll want to care for this crucial tool for as long as you can. And, thankfully, it’s not hard to show it some TLC. Sources Bansal, A., R S, S., Bhan, B. D., Gupta, K., & Purwar, S. (2018). To assess the stethoscope cleaning practices, microbial load and efficacy of cleaning stethoscopes with alcohol-based disinfectant in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Infection Prevention, 20(1), 46–50. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177418802353 Cumper, S. (2024). Ultimate guide to different types of stethoscopes. Medshop Australia. https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/ultimate-guide-to-different-types-of-stethoscopes Littmann Stethoscopes Best Sellers. (n.d.). Medshop Australia. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/littmann-stethoscopes Stethoscope Accessories. (n.d.). Medshop Australia. Retrieved September 15, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/stethoscopes-accessories
February 27, 2024
Steven Cumper
Guide: The Best Stethoscope for the Job
It might be hard for your family and friends to understand that there is more to the venerable stethoscope than “playing doctor.” While the basic goal with each stethoscope is the same, listening to the heart and lungs, the means and details of that listening vary from job to job. There is one more variable that matters even more. It’s what you think about the right stethoscope for your practice. This blog can say which stethoscope should be the one you must have, but when it’s your instrument to use, it’s you who must be content with your decision. You may feel that your veterinary practice mandates you use a cardiologist’s stethoscope, so be it. This is merely a guide created by a company that has been putting stethoscopes in the hands of medical professionals for decades. All that experience still doesn’t make us the end-all-be-all for your specific needs. That stated this guide is an ideal place to start your investigation. One more note... Before you skip ahead to the section that best serves your purposes. The answer to the unasked question (which is the best brand?), is Littmann. They are the best all-around stethoscope manufacturers the world-round. While there is some stiff competition across the board from companies we admire greatly like Prestige, Spirit or Welch Allyn, and from many who make quality stethoscopes themselves, Littmann wins accolades more often in more categories, hands down. Best stethoscope for nurses There’s a good reason we spend a lot of time on our nurses at Medshop. It's true that they are the hard-working bread and butter of our business, but they are also the ones putting us all back together when something goes awry… and something will always go awry. For nurses, the choice is simple. The Classic III from Littmann is the best all-around stethoscope for most nurses. It’s the Toyota Hilux of stethoscopes, meeting the most needs in one package, but also taking the most abuse and still cleaning up like new. Not to be confused with the Cardiology III, a slightly different instrument tuned more for detailed observation, the Classic III offers the same duel head advantage. With the Classic III, you'll hear high and low frequency sounds without having to carry two tools, without fumbling around. For nurses, who are juggling about five-million tasks, this reliability is priceless. In fact, nurses aren't alone in appreciating the security of the Classic III as we'll find in just a second. Best stethoscope for doctors While the aforementioned Cardiology III might do the trick for many doctors, the unbeatable standard for doctors is the one used by cardiologists: Littmann’s Cardiology IV. In fact, categorically, this section is probably the most wasted “ink” in this blog as most doctors and cardiologists know this without needing to do research. They aren’t reading this blog because the reputation of the Cardiology IV procedes itself. Best stethoscope for medical students Alright, so this is the category where picking the best gets a little shakier than the first two sections above. In that spectrum between the ideal stethoscope on paper and one's personal preferences, two options fall somewhere in the comfortable middle. Littmann’s Classic III will work perfectly for any student as an initial investment, but the Cardiology IV will get the job done well for a long time. Consider the Cardiology IV if you’re not on a tight budget or if you can’t get that wealthy relative to chip in for your future. Of course, as students often don't have large budgets so the classic III makes a worthy choice. Best stethoscope for paramedics For the medical professionals who aren’t happy savings lives unless there is a street race involved (kidding, kidding, kidding… sort of) the Classic III is the way to go. Paramedics won’t necessarily benefit from the precision of Cardio IV to warrant that level of exactness, even though it’s a tough enough tool to do the job. The Classic III is the best option for ambulance drivers for all the same reasons it’s the best option for nurses. It’s versatile, tough, and accurate. The stainless steel chest piece of the Classic III means it will not only take being dropped with a shrug, but it will clean up with little effort. Littmann didn’t skimp on comfort with this workhorse either. Users love them for the snap-tight ear tips, which are not only a snug seal but a comfy fit too. Best paediatric stethoscope What then, is the right stethoscope for the smallest and most valuable patients among us? There’s no question that Littmann rules this blog, and this category is no exception. The Classic II Paediatric does the job just fine. It’s the same technology as the normal Classic II, but the Paediatric version is a little smaller to accommodate small chests. As such, it’s a two-bell instrument, with a non-chill rim on the smallest size for all the obvious reasons. (See end of the previous section if you're confused.) It’s possible to find other stethoscopes which do some of the things the II Paediatric does, but none that do it all in one package. If this blog didn't address your specific needs, please don't hesitate to contact us for advice. We're all about getting you in the right stethoscope. It saves us both potential stress in the long run. One more thing... For those readers who have friends and family that are the fancy gift-giving sort, this is the perfect time to share this blog with them. You never know when someone is going to get that gift-giving spirit so you always want to make sure they are empowered with all your hopes and dreams. It might also be a good idea to remind said family and friends of your favourite colours too… just in case. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
June 20, 2022
Steven Cumper
How Do You Replace a Littmann Ear Tip?
One of the biggest names in the industry, 3M Littmann manufactures stethoscopes that are well known for their high acoustic quality and reliability. Littmann produces a variety of stethoscope models to suit all medical professionals. Ranging from student stethoscopes to master cardiology stethoscopes, these accurate, easy to use devices are some of our most popular medical supplies. Although they’re arguably one of the simplest medical tools in use, stethoscopes are incredibly important when it comes to diagnosing, monitoring and assessing patients. One of the most important parts of a Littmann stethoscope is the ear tip. The ear tips form a tight acoustic seal with the ear canal. This helps to keep ambient noise out and ensures doctors, nurses and students are able to clearly hear the chest, heart and other relevant sounds. In order to keep the acoustics as good as possible, you’ll occasionally need to change the ear pieces on your 3M Littmann stethoscope. Learning to do this properly will help to ensure a comfortable fit and make your stethoscope as accurate and reliable. How Do I Change the Littmann Ear Piece? As you’d expect from a trusted company like 3M Littmann, their products, including spare parts, are made from high quality materials and are designed with usability in mind. As a result, Littmann earbuds are very easy to change and old ear tips can be swapped for new ones in a matter of moments. To replace your existing Littmann stethoscope ear tips, simply grip the ear tip firmly and pull until it comes off. Then take the replacement ear tips and push them firmly onto the ends of the eartubes until they snap on to the tube and into place. To test if the ear tips are in the correct position, give them a gentle tug. It should take a concerted effort to remove them, so if they stay put, then you’ve replaced them successfully. How Do I Change the Earpiece on my Littmann Classic III? The Littmann Classic III stethoscope is the latest model in the company’s Classic range. This multipurpose stethoscope is ideal for specialists as well as students and general practice. It has a tuneable diaphragm on both the adult and paediatric surfaces of the chestpiece, next-generation tubing with enhanced resistance to skin oils and alcohol and exceptional acoustics that will allow you to properly assess your patients. The process for changing the earpiece on a Littman Classic III is the same as it is for the Classic II and other stethoscopes in the Littmann range. You can choose from either grey or black snap tight soft-sealing eartips. Once you’ve selected your new ear tips, simply remove the old ones and push the new ear pieces into place. What is the Littmann Ear Tip Made Of? Littmann ear tips are made from soft, pliable rubber. This high quality material is designed to adjust to the individual’s ear to form an excellent acoustic seal. This ensures the ear tips are comfortable to wear and helps to block out unwanted ambient noise, making it easier to hear all the sounds in the patient’s chest. You’ll find new ear tips in any standard Littmann stethoscope spare parts kit. Why is Changing or Cleaning Earpieces Important? It’s very important to keep your earpieces clean and to change them whenever they appear worn or damaged. Ear tips can easily pick up dirt and bacteria from the ear and the surrounding environment. Thoroughly cleaning the ear tips with an alcohol solution will help to remove this build up and keep your Littmann Cardiology or Classic stethoscope hygienic and safe to use. Over time, the soft rubber of the ear tips can become less flexible and suffer wear and tear. This may reduce the effectiveness of the acoustic seal and let ambient noise creep in. Investing in stethoscope replacement parts and swapping your old ear tips for new ones will help to ensure your stethoscope works exactly as it should. What Precautions to Keep in Mind While Changing Stethoscope Earpieces? When changing or cleaning the ear tips on Littmann Cardiology III, Cardiology IV or Classic stethoscopes, it’s important to ensure that the ear piece is completely dry before you attach it. If there’s water trapped in the ear tip, it can degrade the rubber and cause acoustic interference when you’re examining your patients. Can Stethoscope Earpieces Be Put in Backwards? Littmann earpieces should be pointing in a forward direction when they’re inserted into the ear. This helps to ensure a comfortable fit and a good acoustic seal. If you rotate the headset and put them in backwards, you’re likely to find they don’t offer the same high quality sound or the comfort level you’d expect from a Littmann product. When changing the ear tips on your Littmann stethoscope, it will be clear which way the ear tips should be facing when they’re pushed into position. If you’re unsure, take a good look at the position of your existing ear tips before you replace them. Littmann is one of the most established names in the world of stethoscopes. Known for their high quality acoustics, their durability and their versatility, these medical supplies can be found in hospitals, clinics and surgeries around the world. Changing the ear tips on your Classic, cardiology or digital stethoscope on a regular basis will help to keep your product in great condition and ensure you can accurately assess your patients. To find out more, and to start shopping for Littmann® stethoscope spare parts, explore our range of specialist medical supplies, or get in touch with a member of our team today.
May 30, 2022
Steven Cumper
How to Choose the Right Mask Level - ASTM 1,2,3 vs P2/N95
Face masks and respirators, when used correctly, can offer a good level of protection against viruses, bacteria and other potentially harmful airborne particles. Helping to keep you safe and prevent you from spreading diseases to those you meet, good quality facemasks are an essential element of personal protective equipment. During the pandemic, masks have played an important role in protecting both healthcare professionals and members of the public. However, with so many different types of masks on the market, it can be difficult to know which option is right for you. To help you find the right mask for your needs, we’re taking a look at the various masks available, their ratings and what these numbers really mean for you. What is the Difference Between a Disposable Mask, a Surgical Mask and a Respirator? There are three main types of face coverings currently on the market: Face masks (can include single use masks and cloth masks) Surgical masks Respirators Of these three, face masks have the lowest requirements on filtration efficiency. In fact, many aren’t regulated at all and may not offer a significant amount of protection, especially against airborne particles. Surgical masks are loose-fitting, disposable devices that create a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and contaminants in the immediate area. Surgical masks can also be labelled as isolation, dental, or medical procedure masks. Surgical masks should have a high level of fluid resistance and are designed to protect against splashes of blood, sprays of saliva, sneezing and other events that can cause you to come into direct contact with contaminants. These masks aren’t designed to stop aerosols and won’t prevent you from breathing in small virus particles. Respirators have even higher requirements than medical masks. They’re designed to form a seal around the nose and mouth to prevent airborne droplets and particles reaching your airway. Respirators often have exhalation valves to allow stale air to escape and offer a very high level of protection against all types of airborne contaminants. Respirators can be used as PPE in medical settings or to stop pollution, dust and other harmful substances from being inhaled. Common Safety Ratings for Face Masks and Respirators When looking for surgical masks, disposable masks and respirators, the most common ratings you’re likely to see are ASTM 1, 2 and 3, P2 and N95. ASTM stands for the American Society for Testing and Materials. The society is a developer of international voluntary consensus standards. Face coverings that bear an ASTM rating have been proven to offer a certain level of protection. Masks with an ASTM rating of 3 offer the best protection against coronavirus and other dangerous droplets, while those with a rating of ASTM level 1 offer the least protection. In most cases, ASTM ratings apply to surgical masks. Respirators are required to adhere to different regulations, these standards vary from country to country. In the US, respirators are approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Respirators that meet these standards will be labelled N95, N99 or N100. In Australia and New Zealand, masks that meet the standards set by the two countries are labelled P1, P2 and P3. P2 masks are equivalent with American standard N95 respirators. Masks manufactured in China have to meet Chinese safety standards. These respirators are labelled KN95, KN99 or KN100. While in Europe, you’ll see masks listed as FFP1, FFP2 or FFP3. Respirators are specifically designed to offer respiratory protection. As well as being suitable for use in health care settings, respirators are often used as PPE by people working in polluted areas or in places with potentially harmful airborne particles. What Do Face Mask Safety Ratings Really Mean? Understanding what exactly mask safety ratings mean will help you decide which option is right for you. A mask with an ASTM rating of 1 will keep out up to 95% of particles measuring 3.0 microns, and up to 95% of particles measuring 0.1 microns. Masks with an ASTM rating of 2 will filter out up to 98% of 3.0 and 0.1 micron particles. Masks with an ASTM rating of 3 are also required to keep out up to 98% of particles. NIOSH-approved respirators are usually labelled N95, N99 or N100. N95 respirators are required to filter up to 95% of 0.3 micron particles. N99 masks will keep out 99% of 0.3 micron particles, while N100 respirators offer the highest protection, with up to 100% particulate filtration. European respirators are required to meet slightly different standards. FFP1 masks need to keep up to 80% of 0.3 micron particles out, FFP2 masks have to stop up to 94% of 0.3 micron particles and FFP3 masks prevent up to 99% of 0.3 micron particles being inhaled by the wearer. P1, P2 and P3 respirators produced in Australia and New Zealand are more or less equivalent with European standards. Which Mask Offers the Best Protection Against Covid-19? In general, standard, single use face masks offer the least protection against Covid-19 (including the Delta variant). These types of disposable protective masks aren’t regulated and so don’t have to meet any set standards. If worn correctly, they will provide some protection against coronavirus, though it’s impossible to say how effective they’ll be. Surgical, or medical procedure masks, look and fit a bit like disposable masks. However, as they are used in health care settings they’re regulated and are required to meet set standards. NIOSH certified masks have headbands instead of ear loops. This creates a tighter seal and ensures the mask fits tightly around the nose and mouth. Masks with an ASTM Level 2 rating are generally sufficient for most people. However, if you work in a healthcare setting or are concerned about coming into direct contact with virus particles, the better protection offered by Level 3 masks might help to put your mind at ease. If you’re concerned about breathing in airborne coronavirus particles, a respirator could be a good option as they fit tightly around your nose and mouth. The materials used to make respirators are chosen to maximise breathability and airflow. This makes respirators a great choice if you need to wear your PPE for long periods of time. N95 masks will filter out up to 95% of 0.3 micron particles while FFP2 and P2 respirators protect against 94% of particles of the same size. This small difference in filtration efficiency won’t have a significant impact on the protection level of the mask. N95 and FFP2 respirators are readily available from online suppliers. If you want an even higher level of protection, you could opt for a N100 or FFP3 respirator. Although effective vaccines are now widely available, masks and respirators still play an important role in limiting virus transmission and keeping us all safe. To find out more, and explore our collection of high quality PPE, take a look around or get in touch today.
October 03, 2023
Steven Cumper
Littmann Stethoscope vs Spirit Stethoscope
Both Littmann and Spirit stethoscopes have their unique strengths, catering to different segments of the healthcare industry and different roles. In this article look at key features, which include performance, durability, accuracy, and pricing of each brand, so you can make an informed decision that works for you
March 27, 2024
Steven Cumper
Micropore Tape vs Transpore? Adhesive Medical Solutions
In the realm of medical care, the selection of adhesive tapes plays a crucial role in ensuring optimal patient comfort, wound care, and treatment efficacy. Micropore and Transpore tapes emerge as prominent contenders, each offering unique properties and applications in clinical settings. As healthcare professionals strive to make informed decisions regarding tape selection, understanding the distinctive characteristics and advantages of Micropore versus Transpore tape becomes imperative. In this article, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of these adhesive medical solutions. By delving into this comparative analysis, we aim to equip healthcare practitioners with the knowledge necessary to enhance patient care standards and navigate the complexities of adhesive medical solutions effectively. 3M Micropore Tape While there are many imposters, there is only one tape that can go by the name Micropore. It’s the one manufactured by the fine folks at 3M. Some people prefer to call it “paper tape,” but that’s like calling Kleenex facial tissue. It’s a misnomer. The actual paper part of Micropore is made from rayon, like the stuff in your stretchy yoga pants, but it feels more like paper than yoga pant fabric. There are many types of paper tape, none of which present the properties in Micropore. Like it’s parent-product, paper, as in the stuff you’d use to write a note, Micropore tape is porous. This porous quality allows it to “breathe” in the conventional sense of the word, but also allows for moisture to pass through. It’s like sticking the paper to your skin. As such, Micropore tape such as the 3M Micropore Surgical Tape is as flexible as paper, meaning not much. This limitation makes it hard to use on parts of the body that need to flex and extend much. We’ll get to alternatives for those situations in just a minute. Another aspect of Micropore tape separating it from traditional paper is that it’s adhesive. The sticky side of Micropore tape adheres to the skin without leaving residue and without causing pain when removed. The way it sticks then peels off with ease is a big part of the charm, a voodoo quality by most accounts. Not only will it stick to skin, but to plastic, glass, and other tapes. What is 3M Micropore tape used for? Most common uses for Micropore tape involve dressing wounds or holding a medical tubing in place. Because Micropore breathes as well as it adheres, it’s perfect for these cases. It adheres well to moist skin, and not too firmly to dry skin, but sticks long enough to both to make it versatile provided the stress on the tape isn’t too much. That’s where some of Micropore’s more-capable siblings take over. We’ll come back to a few of them in a second. In most cases where a wound or tube needs adhering, the benchmark is Micropore until it proves incapable of the task. One of the reasons this try-first approach to Micropore tape is the user-friendly nature of the product. It comes off about as easy as it goes on, unlike the aforementioned duct tape. That stuff sticks like old medical tape. Anyone who’s ever had gummy tape from an old first aid kit peeled off a healing wound can attest: the less pulling the better. 3M ranks their tapes on a scale of skin trauma. No surprise that Micropore lands in the top two of the more favourable end, meaning less chance of trauma. All that aside, the bigger influencer affecting heavy usage of Micropore comes down to expense. Micropore remains one of the most affordable 3M adhesive tapes. Why use something more costly when a cheaper solution does the job? Especially if it does the job better. Micropore tape for scars When used correctly, it can contribute to the flattening and softening of scars over time by providing consistent pressure and hydration to the affected area. Based on our professional knowledge it's crucial to begin with clean, dry skin before applying Micropore tape for scars. Smoothly apply the tape directly over the scar, ensuring no wrinkles or bubbles. Wear it consistently for several hours each day while monitoring skin sensitivity. Understand that visible results may take time, requiring patience. For enhanced effectiveness, consider combining Micropore tape with other scar treatments. If you try to use Micropore tape to close a serious wound — the definition of which is beyond this blog to define — you could risk serious harm beyond an impoverished recovery. Micropore tape vs Transpore In the 3M lineup, the closest substitute for Micropore is their Transpore tape. There are actually two versions of this tape, a wound-dressing version which acts more like Micropore, and a surgical version. The latter is more plastic to the touch. Similar to Micropore, the dressing version of Transpore uses rayon in the backing, but in this case, they’ve blended it with polyester, leveraging the best of both fibres to make a hybrid. This makes it slightly more costly but keeps the cost the same neighbourhood as Micropore tape. Transpore too works well on dry or wet skin, and is even easier to handle than Micropore, with bare hands or gloves as may be necessary. You tear it bidirectionally to better accommodate the needs of a given wound. The surgical version of Transpore is only polyethylene, clear, and best for securing heavy tubes in place. Where both Transpore tapes differ, especially the surgical version is with removal. They both stick so well if the wound is sensitive there could be more trauma when removing them. Micropore vs Durapore Stepping up the cost a little more, one finds 3M's Durapore. Compared to the paper quality of Micropore, and the plastic tape nature of Transpore, Durapore tape is silky. It’s not actually made from silk, though. It’s a strong, tafetta-backed tape, one that also tears bidirectionally. It would be overkill on most wounds as a dressing but works wonders for securing heavy tubes and even holding splints in place. Coming off the skin, however, Durapore will pull more than Micropore so using it would not be wise unless necessary, especially if it will be directly applied to skin that is dry. It’s also not so effective adhering to moist skin. For the added cost and adhesion, unless it’s necessary most will try to get away with Micropore before pulling out this tough tape. Once you go above this 3M option, the technical aspects of the option only add to the cost and specificity of use. Author: Steven John Cumper, B.App.SC. (Osteo.), M.Ost., is a businessman with a strong foundation in biomedical science and osteopathic medicine, who founded and led Medshop to international success, culminating in its acquisition by the Bunzl Group in September 2021, where he continues to serve as Managing Director (Medshop Group).
September 14, 2023
Steven Cumper
The Best Blood Pressure Monitors for Home Use
Learn about the importance of monitoring blood pressure at home, the different types of blood pressure monitors, factors to consider when choosing one, and provide a list of top picks for the best blood pressure monitors for home use. Read on to learn more.
September 08, 2025
Steven Cumper
The History and Evolution of the Stethoscope
Chances are, when you think of a doctor’s everyday tools, you’ll probably think of the stethoscope. It’s evolved over the decades to become a cornerstone of modern medical diagnostics – but, did you know that it’s been modified across the years to keep up with changing healthcare advancements? If you’re like me, you’ve probably used stethoscopes many, many times over the years. But how much do you know about its history and evolution? In this guide, I’ll take you through why the stethoscope was invented, how it’s been adapted to healthcare changes, contemporary types and uses, and where the technology is headed next. Why the Stethoscope Was Invented: A Brief Background The stethoscope was first invented by Dr. René Laennec in 1816, who used a paper tube to listen to a patient’s heartbeat without having to put an ear to their chest. Interestingly, Laennec discovered this helped to amplify the sound of the patient’s heartbeat – leading him to develop a wooden tube based on this new technique. Believe it or not, the stethoscope was developed because a doctor felt awkward placing his ear to a woman’s chest! It was only after Dr. Laennec had used his tube prototype that he realised auscultation could be greatly improved upon. Major Innovations and Modernization of the Stethoscope From René Laennec’s humble tube to the development of the initial binaural stethoscope, through to modern acoustics and even digital versions, this humble tool’s come a long way over the years. The Birth of the Stethoscope: Laennec’s Wooden Tube (1816) As mentioned, René Laennec’s initial stethoscope was effectively a wooden tube, used with one ear, to prevent doctors and nurses from having to place their ears to bare chests to hear heartbeats. This monaural funnel pretty much revolutionized intermediary diagnostics in the medical community. Laennec’s discovery and invention, while rudimentary, opened doors for other doctors to develop and improve upon the stethoscope many years after he died. Binaural Stethoscopes: A Game-Changer (1850s–1900s) Decades after René Laennec passed away, Dr. Arthur Leared devised a more effective binaural stethoscope, which allowed users to listen to patients with both ears. The binaural stethoscope not only amplified heartbeats further, but also introduced earpieces, offering more comfortable, practical listening. Weirdly, the medical community wasn’t totally receptive to binaural listening at first. Concerns were raised, it’s noted, that the two-earpiece setup could produce less accurate results. However, before long, these new stethoscopes would be adopted widely across clinical settings around the world. The Modern Acoustic Stethoscope (20th Century) The modern acoustic stethoscope is the classic model most of us recognise and have used over the years. Innovations during the 20th century included the development of a two-bell listening system, a two-sided chest piece, lighter rubber tubing, and improved acoustics. Drs. Rappaport and Sprague were responsible for enhancing the stethoscope in the 1940s so that it could listen to two organs at once – say, the heart and the lungs. Similarly, Dr. S.S. Allison developed a stethophone – but it wasn’t until the 1960s that the technology would be perfected. Dr. David Littmann developed a multi-faceted stethoscope with dual bells, short rubber tubing, and closed and open pieces to help users measure sounds at different pitches. It’s this version of the stethoscope that’s made its way into basic medical training, with users able to adjust for pitch by applying or releasing pressure. In fact, you can still purchase Littmann stethoscopes to this day – via Medshop’s online store, for example! Electronic and Digital Stethoscopes (21st Century) Modern stethoscopes developed after 2000 go one step further, with digital models allowing for noise filtering, smart sound amplification, and even data transfer. AI innovations in modern stethoscope technology also pick up on potential diagnostic triggers, such as arrhythmia. Data recording, audio streaming, Bluetooth connectivity – all are possible with modern stethoscopes, and all help to make diagnoses more efficient and accurate. And, I speak from experience and with confidence – stethoscopes are continuing to evolve right when we need them to. For example, since the COVID-19 pandemic, digital stethoscopes that deliver remote diagnoses have become ever-more useful – particularly for telehealth users, who can simply provide doctors and nurses with heart and other readings without meeting in person. Types and Variations of the Stethoscope Typical types and variations of the stethoscope widely used today include acoustic, electronic, pediatric, cardiology, and veterinary models. Let’s take a quick look at some of the most trusted types of stethoscopes. Acoustic vs Electronic Models Acoustic stethoscopes are traditional models used to listen to body sounds, based on the refined 20th century model. Electronic and digital stethoscopes, meanwhile, have the power to record and analyze audio signals, helping to support more in-depth diagnosis. While electronic models are preferred by many for their enhanced accuracy, they come at a higher cost than acoustic models. What’s more – and I can confirm this – acoustic stethoscopes still produce fantastic results in quiet spaces. Pediatric, Cardiology, and Veterinary Versions These stethoscopes are all specifically designed to support infants and children, people with specific heart-related needs, and animals, respectively. Pediatric stethoscopes are typically smaller and are designed to be more comfortable for babies and children during consultations. Cardiology stethoscopes, meanwhile, are specifically designed to help amplify heartbeats. Veterinarian stethoscopes, meanwhile, are designed with specific diaphragms and bells for ease of access to listen to pets. They’re also designed to support animals’ sensitive needs. Contemporary Use and Functionality in Clinical Settings Stethoscopes are still widely used in modern clinics, covering physical examinations, diagnostics, training and physical practice, and in telehealth and remote scenarios. Clinical and Diagnostic Applications In most diagnostic clinics, stethoscopes are used to listen to patient hearts, intestines, blood flow, and lungs. This is auscultation, where doctors and nurses try to ascertain any noises or rhythms that may indicate deeper issues. Stethoscopes can be used to identify irregular heartbeats, digestive issues, and even internal bleeding – doctors can listen carefully to ascertain where heart valves may be leaking from. Role in Medical Training and Practice Stethoscopes are still widely used as part of medical education and physical practice before practitioners graduate. Using a stethoscope effectively demonstrates a high level of diagnostic skill. And, learning how to use a stethoscope properly is often regarded as a rite of passage for many medical students. Some people in the medical community have suggested that ultrasound scanning may remove the need for stethoscopes altogether. However, studies confirm that using the tools alongside modern ultrasound may be beneficial. Integration into Telehealth and Remote Monitoring Patients can now use digital stethoscopes at home to deliver real-time diagnostic insights to doctors and nurses. Telehealth, which grew in popularity during the pandemic, allows practitioners to remotely diagnose and monitor conditions from afar. Integrating modern stethoscope technology into telehealth ensures that clinics don’t have to conduct in-person diagnostics for the most accurate results. In fact, research suggests that telehealth can improve detection trends for heart conditions: “The results of this study suggest that telemedicine-directed auscultation of patients may be just as successful as inperson examination for the detection of cardiac arrhythmias.” Zenk, B.M., et al. Future Trends and Technological Advancements The future of stethoscope technology revolves around AI auscultation, machine learning, wireless technology and cloud-based data sharing. All of these trends are helping to transform stethoscopes into even smarter, more reliable diagnostic devices. Let’s break these trends down: AI and machine learning in modern stethoscope technology help users to detect certain problems automatically, and ascertain which noises are likely to point towards known conditions or anomalies. Wireless technology, as mentioned above, is helping to support distanced diagnostics, ensuring people who cannot attend physical clinics receive the care they require. Cloud-based stethoscopes allow data recorded and shared via stethoscopes to become accessible at multiple points of access – across different clinics and at home, and in real-time. Final Thoughts The stethoscope is still a vital tool that deserves a place in every nurse and doctor’s kit. From humble beginnings as a simple one-eared tube, modern stethoscopes are breaking incredible ground in more accurate, more efficient diagnostics. Ultimately, modern stethoscopes are saving lives. It’s all the more reason – like me – to ensure you have a reliable stethoscope on hand when you need to make a diagnosis. Be sure to explore our online store and to consult our guide to the best stethoscopes before your next shift! Sources Alisons Stethophone As Illustrated in His Original Article the Tubes Are Composed Of. (n.d.). researchgate.net. Retrieved August 11, 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Alisons-stethophone-as-illustrated-in-his-original-article-T he-tubes-are-composed-of_fig2_243716482 Best Stethoscopes: Littmann Stethoscopes, Prestige, Spirit and more. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 11, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/stethoscopes Cumper, S. (2023). How To Use A Stethoscope Effectively: Comprehensive Guide. In Medshop Australia. Medshop. https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/how-to-use-a-stethoscope-effectively-comprehensi ve-guide Cumper, S. (2024a). Ultimate Guide to Different Types of Stethoscopes. In Medshop Australia. Medshop. https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/ultimate-guide-to-different-types-of-stethoscopes Cumper, S. (2024b). Guide: The Best Stethoscope for the Job: Updated 2025. In MedshopAustralia. Medshop. https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/guide-the-best-stethoscope-for-the-job Fakoya, F. A., Plessis, M. du, & Gbenimacho, I. B. (2016). Ultrasound and stethoscope as tools in medical education and practice: considerations for the archives. In Advances in medical education and practice (Vol. 7, pp. 381–387). Advances in medical education and practice. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S99740 Littmann Stethoscopes Best Sellers. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 11, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/littmann-stethoscopes Zenk, B. M., Bratton, R. L., Flipse, T. R., & Page, E. E. (2004). Accuracy of detecting irregular cardiac rhythms via telemedicine. In Journal of telemedicine and telecare (Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 55–58). Journal of telemedicine and telecare. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763304322764211
September 02, 2025
Steven Cumper
Anatomy of a Stethoscope: Different Parts Of A Stethoscope and Their Functions
Chances are, you’ve either used or have been treated with a stethoscope before. This humble medical tool has been an essential part of doctors’ and nurses’ diagnostic kits for decades. In fact, it’s considered the cornerstone of modern healthcare fact-finding (and personally, I’ve never addressed a patient without one). However, as a medical professional, it’s vital to know exactly how stethoscopes work, and what each of their parts does. The better you understand your stethoscope, the stronger your diagnostic techniques will become. In this guide, I’ll take you through different stethoscopes, how they’re used, their main features, and how you can take better care of them long term. Types of Stethoscopes and Their Features The main types of stethoscopes available are analogue/acoustic, electronic/digital, pediatric, and cardiology. Each of these types are designed for unique cases and diagnostic purposes, for example, cardiology stethoscopes are designed for listening to heartbeats, and pediatric stethoscopes are built smaller than most to help diagnose children. Let’s explore these types in more detail. Acoustic Stethoscopes Acoustic or analogue Littmann stethoscopes are traditional tools used to listen to the body’s internal sounds. They’re designed to allow sound waves to travel from a chest piece, through a rubber tube, to your earpieces. Acoustic stethoscopes are relied upon for ‘raw’ listening and diagnostics. They are some of the most affordable and are still relied upon by millions of professionals for accurate diagnoses. To avoid confusion, there are some Littmann stethoscopes with digital and cardiology features, too! Electronic/Digital Stethoscopes Electronic and digital stethoscopes, unlike acoustic models, actively convert sound waves into digital signals, delivered to your ears. Digital stethoscopes offer less background noise and adjustable levels to support more accurate listening. However, these stethoscopes are not always widely used because they require constant recharging, and are more expensive than conventional tools. That said, they have quickly become a mainstay in modern diagnostic practice, and I can personally vouch for their usefulness. Pediatric & Infant Stethoscopes Pediatric and infant stethoscopes are simply designed to accommodate smaller bodies and to help make diagnosis of children more comfortable and straightforward. You are likely to find pediatric stethoscopes built to the acoustic standard. Cardiology Stethoscopes Although traditional stethoscopes are designed to support listening to patient heartbeats, cardiology stethoscopes are developed to be more sensitive and customisable with the heart in mind. Many cardiology stethoscopes, therefore, are digital and are designed by cardiologists and heart professionals to support more accurate readings. Main Components of a Stethoscope and Their Functions Typically, the main parts of stethoscopes are the earpieces, the binaurals (or ear tubes), the main tubing, the chestpiece, the diaphragm, the bell, and the stem. Let’s explore what each of these components does in practice. Earpieces Earpieces fit gently in your ear canals and deliver sound from the other end of the stethoscope. They’re typically made from rubber, rigid enough to block out noise but comfortable enough for users to wear while concentrating on patients. Binaurals (Ear Tubes) The stethoscope’s binaurals, or ear tubes, connect to the earpieces or tips. Think of them like the two wires that attach to a pair of headphones. They are two separate channels that deliver sound into your left and right ears, which you can squeeze and adjust for a better fit. Tubing The stethoscope’s hollow tubing actively delivers sound picked up by the chest piece. This is the main tube that connects to the binaurals, which then delivers sound to the earpieces. Chestpiece The chestpiece is the crucial element that you place on your patient’s body to listen to their heart, lungs, or other organs. Typically made from plastic and metal, you carefully place this on the part of the body you wish to listen to, e.g., the chest if you need to hear someone’s heartbeat. There are two main parts to a chestpiece: the diaphragm and the bell. Diaphragm The chestpiece’s diaphragm is circular, and it’s this side that you apply to the patient’s body. It’s typically used for higher-pitched sounds and is built with a chill ring to prevent skin from getting cold. Bell The chestpiece’s bell, meanwhile, is spherical. You use this part of the fitting for lower frequency noises, making it ideal for picking up less distinct sounds that the diaphragm might miss. Like the diaphragm, the bell is usually designed with a chill ring for patient comfort. Stem A stethoscope stem is a connecting piece, linking the tubing and chestpiece together. When you need to switch between the bell and the diaphragm, you’d turn it to swap sides. Usage of a Stethoscope in Medical Practice Stethoscopes are commonly used to measure cardiac and respiratory health, blood pressure, auscultation in gastrointestinal systems, and for various other specialist diagnostics. Cardiac and Respiratory Assessment Stethoscopes are most commonly used to assess heart sounds. For example, users can apply them to patients to listen for abnormalities and irregular rhythms that might suggest organ malfunction. They’re also used to listen to respiratory sounds, such as crackling or wheezing, which might indicate chronic lung problems. Blood Pressure Measurement and Vascular Auscultation Stethoscopes help assess blood pressure by listening to how blood flows through a patient’s body. Abnormal or unexpected sounds might also suggest vessel blockages or arterial or carotid bruits. Gastrointestinal System Auscultation The stethoscope can also be used to assess abdominal sounds, for example, to detect low-pitched noises or hyperactivity that would usually suggest abnormalities in the digestive system. Specialized Diagnostic Applications Stethoscopes can also be used to listen for and diagnose a variety of other issues and concerns, such as pneumonia and cystic fibrosis. They are also commonly used to listen for fetal heartbeats in pregnant women Maintenance and Care of a Stethoscope Looking after your stethoscope properly ensures that it remains hygienic to use from day to day and that it performs at its best. Regardless of the type of stethoscope you use, I recommend following basic cleaning protocols, regularly inspecting and replacing parts, storing your instruments correctly, and testing your stethoscope’s performance. Cleaning and Disinfection Protocols I (and many others) recommend cleaning your stethoscope after each patient you diagnose, and carefully disinfecting it at the end of each day. I use isopropyl alcohol (at least 70%), which is available in wipe form – avoid submerging your stethoscope in water. Ideally, you should disassemble your stethoscope completely, sterilise and disinfect it, and air dry – before checking for final debris left over. We go into more detail in our guide to the caring and maintenance of stethoscopes. Studies reveal that methods as diverse as using UVC-LED devices, alcohol-soaked wipes, and liquid gels can help to keep stethoscopes hygienic. However, it’s also noted that regular cleaning is more important than the method chosen: “The failure of disinfection methods does not seem to be due to the lack of effectiveness of what is used, but rather to a lack of regularity in the use of the products. An approach to disinfection with mechanisms that provide for automation and do not alter the activity of health care workers could be useful to maintain good sanitation performance over time.” Napolitani, M. et al. Regular Inspection and Part Replacement Ideally, check all parts of your stethoscope periodically so you’re sure they’re working as expected. That goes for your chestpiece, earpieces, and tubing. The regularity of your checks might vary, but try to avoid waiting for problems to arise. Over time, you may need to replace some parts due to wear and tear, or to invest in a new stethoscope outright. When in doubt, always read the manual and look for stethoscopes with full warranties attached. Proper Storage Techniques It’s easy to damage your stethoscope by leaving it out in the open, and doing so also puts it at risk of getting cross-contaminated. If your stethoscope has a case, be sure to store your tool away properly whenever it isn’t in use. Troubleshooting and Performance Testing Troubleshooting your stethoscope will vary depending on the manufacturer and model you buy. You could, for example, test your stethoscope on yourself or a loved one to ensure it is working as expected. Otherwise, do what I do, and always refer to the manufacturer for detailed performance tests – you’ll be thankful when your stethoscope weathers the years to come. Final Thoughts Stethoscopes may seem simple on the surface, but they have lots of working parts, and can be extremely sensitive to look after. Therefore, always take the time to learn how to use your stethoscope properly, and take the knowledge you’ve gained from this guide forward into finding your next stethoscope – which we can certainly help you with here at Medshop! Sources Best Stethoscopes: Littmann Stethoscopes, Prestige, Spirit and more. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/stethoscopes Littmann Stethoscopes. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/collections/littmann-stethoscopes Napolitani, M., Bezzini, D., Moirano, F., Bedogni, C., & Messina, G. (2020). Methods of Disinfecting Stethoscopes: Systematic Review. In International journal of environmental research and public health (Vol. 17, Issue 6, p. 1856). International journal of environmental research and public health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061856 Stethoscope Care and Cleaning. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/stethoscope-care-to-last-a-lifetime Ultimate Guide to Different Types of Stethoscopes. (n.d.). In Medshop Australia. Retrieved August 18, 2025, from https://www.medshop.com.au/blogs/news/ultimate-guide-to-different-types-of-stethosco pes
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